A Clinical Trails Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Clinical Trails - Research Paper Example Research specialists enroll volunteers or patients into pilot studies to conduct specified tests depending on the product type and development stage (Yang, 2010). Clinical trials vary in intensity. They can be performed in a single country or multiple countries. They are expensive to carry out. The burden of payment gets usually bestowed on the sponsor of the research. Sponsors may include government agency or health organizations (Yang, 2010). The objectives of clinical trial are to test how well medicine will work on patients. For every clinical trial, there exists a guideline of how to carry out the trial (Yang, 2010). The plan discusses what is to be done, how it will be done, and the importance of all aspect in the study. This includes the importance the general study. There are rules guiding on how to choose the participants in the study. The main factor in choosing the participants is volunteering when a person has sufficient knowledge (Pocock, 2004). They volunteer’s health status will be determined by the study since some may need healthy individuals and others may need individuals with certain diseases (Pocock, 2004). In other instances, gender is used to determine a viable volunteer. There are independent committees set to determine the procedures and monitor the whole exercise. These committees are made up of physicians, statisticians, and members of the community. The committee emphasizes the need to educate all the subjects liable to tests so that they can know the effects of every aspect of the trials (Pocock, 2004). In so doing, the subjects will be well aware of the risks involved such that volunteering shall be out of free will. Since the tests are conducted to human subjects, they are eligible to many legal aspects (Pocock, 2004). They are carried out in four phases. Because the life of an individual may be at risk during the trials, the law provides strict guidelines that facilitate a safe environment

Applied Ethics Essay Example for Free

Applied Ethics Essay A False promise means â€Å"a promise that is made with no intention of carrying it out and esp. that is made with intent to deceive or defraud†. Nowadays, making false promises has become ubiquitous in our daily life. Is it a right action or not? Based on Kantian ethic and Utilitarianism, there are different views in making a false promise. Utilitarians’ view in making a false promise For Utilitarianism, it looks at the consequence of an action for all those people affected by the action. If the overall balance of happiness over unhappiness is its consequence, the action is right; unhappiness over happiness, it is wrong.(Chan Chun Fai’ s notes, Moral Theories, p.2) Also, the principle of utility applied to it is generally expressed as â€Å"Always act to produce greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. â€Å" (Chan Chun Fai’s Power Point) For example, Betty has made a false promise to Peter. She borrowed some money from Tom as to travel to Taiwan with her friends and promised him that she would return money to him after one week. So, Tom was glad to lean her money. Betty made a false promise to have enough money travelling with their friends and her friends were so thrilled about that although Tom would feel depressed about it. However, this action produces greatest happiness for the greatest number of people that Betty and her friends felt happy while only Tom felt unhappy. Therefore, it is considered as a right thing to do. But for rule-utilitarianism (RU), it is treated as a wrong action because RU looks at the consequence of a rule and the principle of utility is applied to a rule. Also, if everyone following the rule could produce good consequence, then we should abide by that rule—a right rule. (Chan Chun Fai’s Power Point) In this situation, if everyone made false promises, people would stop believing promises and each other. As this action result in bad consequence, it is not a right action in the concept of rule- utilitarianism. Kantians’ view in making a false promise Kant’s deontology is not about consequence and happiness. It is about to act with a good will (which is an absolute good) is to act out of duty; to act out of duty is to act with moral law. (Chan Chun Fai’s notes, Moral Theories—Kant’s deontology P.1) If we do things just for our desires or feelings, it is not considered as a truly moral action. For example, Peter does some social services only because it benefits him to get into university. In this case, as his social services are based on his desires, they are not done out of duty. So, these actions are not treated as moral actions. Of course, in Betty’s case, she made a false promise to Tom and she acted without a good will. Also, she made a false promise to get what she wants has indicated that she did this only for her desires. Therefore, making a false promise is not a moral action in Kantians’ view. Besides, there is a principle of morality in Kant’s deontology called â€Å"Categorical Imperative†. It is the cardinal principle of morality. â€Å"A categorical imperative is unconditional and independent of any circumstances, goals, or desires.† (Chan Chun Fai’s notes, Moral Theories—Kant’s deontology, P.2) Kant expressed this idea in two formulations called â€Å"universal law† and â€Å"the end in itself†. Base on this two formulas, we can judge an action whether it is right. Refer to the formula of universal law, we need to act only on that maxim whereby we can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. In general, if it is right for you to do something, then it is right for anyone in similar situation to do the same thing and you are required to be consistent—do not make exceptions for anyone, including yourself. Obviously, making a false promise cannot be a universal law as it is impossible for everyone to do the same or for you to will that everyone acts as you do. In fact, most of people must be unwilling to be made a false promise. As making false promises has exception that no one is willing for everyone to follow this rule, it cannot be a universal law. Due to this, it is not a right action. According to â€Å"the end in itself†, it is stated â€Å"Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end.† (Chan Chun Fai’s notes, Moral Theories, P.4) That means, we need to treat all rational humans as ends, never merely as a means to an end. Additionally, Kant stated that â€Å"Every man is to be respected as an absolute end in itself; and it is a crime against the dignity that belongs to him as a human being to use him as a mere means for some external purpose.†Hence, it is morally wrong for Betty to make a false promise to him that uses Tom merely as a means to achieve her ends because Tom also has ends of his own. Therefore, making false promises is a wrong action in Kantian’s view as performing this action doesn’t not respect others and use others merely as a means. My point of view over Utilitarianism and Kantian ethics In my opinion, Kantian ethics is better than Utilitarianism as doing things with Kant’s Deontology can enhance harmony in our community. Say, if we do social services out of duty, not of desires or feelings, such kind of behaviors can last longer. If we do social work base on the concept of utilitarianism in order to get some benefits or to satisfy ourselves, we will stop doing social services sooner or later once we have been satisfied. In addition, Kant’s deontology advocates respect of others while utilitarianism is more aggressive and selfish. If everyone does things with the concept of utilitarianism, it can be harmful to our society as all of us only think about ourselves instead of being considerate to others. Conclusion In an aspect of utilitarianism, if making a false promise can produce greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, it is a right action while it is a wrong thing to do in rule-utilitarianism as it result in bad consequence. Moreover, making false promises is with a bad will and for people’s desires that it is not a right thing to do in Kantians’ view as it uses others merely as a means and it will not be a universal law. Personally, I think Kantian’s ethics is more ideal than utilitarianism because of social harmony.

Innocent :: Booker T. Washington Slavery Essays

Innocent In the case of Booker T. Washington once can plainly dismiss the idea of charging him with complacency or sycophancy. Such charges are absolutely absurd and can be easily disproved. In a time period where the black race was truly looked down upon, disrespected and mistreated, Booker T. Washington sought to do things to bring his people out of the muck they were placed in. Complacency is the act of self-satisfaction accompanied by unawareness of actual dangers or deficiencies. As stated by a member of Prosecution, â€Å"For this trial, complacency is being defined as a state of conscious denial about hazards or oppressions† (Blandford 1). How could one believe that this is what Mr. Washington stood for? As brought up by members of the prosecution, Booker T. Washington’s complacency can be seen in the area of education. As stated by Prosecutor Wilson, â€Å"Washington discusses his disgust with his students’ preoccupation with the study of foreign language, grammar an arithmetic†. Such a statement is not true. Booker T. Washington was quite in favor of the intellectual learning of black. After all, why would such an activist for the betterment of blacks be against their intellectual betterment? At no point in time does Mr. Washington show disgust as portrayed by the prosecution in the area of education. In fact, Washington was in favor for the intellectual incline of his black people. â€Å"I was determined to start them off on a solid and thorough foundation so far as their books were concerned†(89). Now, does that sound like the words of a man against education? It is just that Booker T. Washington wanted his people to succeed and be the best in all areas of life including that of industrial work. He wanted his students to be well rounded so that after graduation they would be able to get any kind of job, whether it is relying solely on intellectual aspects or that of specific skill or trade. Washington was well aware of the success and independence one can attain from knowing specific skills needed within the society. With this ability, an individual can be self-employed and can always get jobs within the society.

The Basis for Today’s Weapons of War

During World War Two, many types of technology were being invented and advanced. Most types of technology are often discovered by or at least first utilized by the government and military, and there is no time in which this is more evident then in wartime. All countries want to be the most advanced and have the newest technology that would be even unimaginable to their counterparts. World War Two was in some ways, the beginning of a time filled with much technological advancement. All of the more prominent countries of the free world were involved in advancing these new types of technology. Some countries were the engineers and others were the followers. The United Sates, who remained neural during the first half of the war, were the most prominent engineers of this time of technological advancement. Many new weapons were being used by all of the countries built with technology first developed by the United States. Decoding machines were becoming more prevalent in this War then in any other before. Aviation technology, along with submarines were being advanced. And of the most useful aspects of technology in World War Two, was Nuclear Energy. The advancement of nuclear technology as used in the invention of the Atomic Bomb was the most valuable of all the types of technological advancement in World War Two. The discovery of x-rays in 1895 was the first step toward nuclear energy research. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 when he noticed that some fluorescent material was glowing that he had laying near a covered cathode ray tube (Rhodes, 42). When he put his hand between the tube and the material he could see the glow was a little more dull but still visible. He could also see bones of his hand as a refection on the material. Roentgen realized that whatever the substance was that was making the material glow, was penetrating the black paper cover of the tube and thus creating this reflection. After Roentgen†s discovery of the x-rays, in 1896, Henri Becquerel wondered what the substance was that could make the fluorescent material glow. He conducted some research of his own only to discover radioactivity. However, it was not named radioactivity until later by Marie Curie. Becquerel discovered the first radioactive element of Uranium. Himself, Curie and others went on to discover many other radioactive elements. Radium was discovered by Curie in 1898 and found to emit more heat at one time then any other substance (Walker). Another chemical/physical process was not found that could change the release rate of energy until 1939 when uranium fission was discovered. These discoveries came right in time for WWII. This was the beginning of atomic research by the United States as well as other countries. President Franklin D Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein in August of 1939 informing of German Atomic research and the potential for a bomb. Roosevelt immediately â€Å"†¦ ormed committees to investigate military implications of atomic research (EM)†. In the mean time, the United States, whom was neutral prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor in December of 1941 by Japan, entered the war. The United States were now in more of a hurry to research atomic energy. After much more research, the United States decides to start the building of an atomic bomb, before the Germans (Rhodes, 431). This secret project was known as the Manhattan Project with General Leslie Groves in charge. Locations that contained research facilities were Washington, Tennessee, and New Mexico. Much research was also done at many university laboratories that included Columbia, New York and Berkeley, California. Many people, including civilians were hired for this top-secret mission. The employees did not even know what they were working on until the bombing of Hiroshima in 1945. The site chosen for the center laboratory in November 1942 was in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Robert Oppenheimer was selected as the director of this site (Hoddeson, 6). The goal to be achieved at this site was to create a bomb small enough that could be carried by an airplane but also contain enough nuclear power. The scientists at the Los Alamos site were simply told that they were working on a project that may help end the war. Altogether, 5,000 people worked and lived with their families at Los Alamos. 300,000 people across the states were involved in the project. Many experiments and tests of nuclear energy were performed but never a full-scale test of an actual explosive weapon until July 1945, 18 months after a site was established to do so (Rhodes, 667). This site was to be known as Trinity and it opened in March 1944 in Alamagordo, New Mexico. In July 1945, the first successful test of a nuclear weapon was complete. President Franklin D. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945 of a cerebral hemorrhage. Vice President Harry Truman knew nothing about the Manhattan Project and was briefly informed of it the same day that he took over the Presidency. President Truman, who had taken over office only 4 months sooner, made the decision to drop the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. Nagasaki, Japan was also bombed on August 9, 1945. The United States had succeeded in being the first in detonating an Atomic Bomb. The time and money that the United States had put into atomic research had paid off. Japan Surrendered and World War Two would soon come to an end. The end of World War Two brought along with it another beginning – The beginning of the Cold War. The years of the Cold War included a great threat in which many countries were at a race for nuclear warheads. The Soviet Union and the United States were the most prominent of these countries. Between the two, they had more than 40,000 nuclear bombs (Drell, 132). This made up 99 percent of all the nuclear explosives in the world. This threat lasted until the Cold War ended in November of 1990. This was done by a pact signed at the United Nations Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (EM). In July 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union also signed their own pact to cut back on nuclear arms by more than 30 percent within a time period of seven years. After the United States dropped the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, not only did it bring with it the Cold War, but also the after effects of the nuclear explosions. Although World War two ended in August of 1945, the underlying effects of the atomic bomb have stayed with us, not to mention the immediate effects. The immediate effect of course included the destroyed cities and many casualties. In Hiroshima, the deaths that occurred the same day and were caused by the blast totaled to 45,000. The deaths that occurred 2 days – 4 months afterward came up to 19,000 (Kondo, 4). The numbers of deaths in Nagasaki were slightly less. 22,000 immediate casualties from the initial blast and 2 days – 4 months later there were 17,000 deaths due to the bombing. This is not mentioning the other surviving casualties who suffer from other effects. There was more surviving casualties then deaths caused by the bombings. The most recent data showed there to be 73,884 people dead and 74,909 people injured (Kondo, 4). Of the people that died 2 days to 4 months after the bombing, the causes of death consisted of burns, lesions, and radioactivity and bone marrow injury. Many of the people that did survive lost their homes and their means of survival. All of the survivors in the areas in and around Hiroshima and Nagasaki suffered from immense amounts of radiation and radioactive fall-out caused by the bombings. Some died of the initial radiation, but more died of residual radiation. Of the people that died of a bone marrow injury, it was mostly because the leukocyte count was so low. The people did not have enough white blood cells, the cells that fight sickness and infection, to heal themselves (Kondo, 7). People with open wounds, lesions, died of infectious disease. And others suffered from heat caused by the blast and serious burns that could not heal. It is believed that the radiation resulting from the bomb is responsible for many defects that occurred in newborn babies. Atomic energy is a very serious type of technology. It is in no way meant to be taken lightly. This is the one type of technology created by humans that could bring about the destruction of all humankind. While it was very useful in bringing about the end of World War Two, it could just as easily start other wars. Many lives were probably saved by the use of the Atomic Bomb in WWII. Had the war continued, many more people from many countries would have died. It is evident that the bombings created a tremendous amount of grief caused by the pollution and medical effects. Many efforts still exist to this day to treat people suffering from the underlying effects of the bomb and to clean up much of the land and air pollution that was caused by the radiation. Today, there are many other uses of nuclear energy rather than just bombs. There are many nuclear power plants. Efforts are also being made to keep these plants under control and to regulate the amount of waste and pollution produced by them. I hope that we are all aware of the many advantages of nuclear energy and appreciate it but also to know of the many dangers created by nuclear energy as well.

The Danger of Potent Ideology

It is inevitable that great men who wield great powers are bound to be misinterpreted. History reveals that this inevitability is true to the most influential men of our time, from the bible’s Jesus Christ to Germany’s Friedrich Nietzche, two opposites who share the same fate. The radical ideologies that both men promoted have become the basis of infamous acts and beliefs. For example, the fatal extremist belief that Christians abhor homosexuality is highly in contrast with the teachings of Jesus Christ, who advocated unconditional love and forgiveness. The Superhuman theory of Friedrich Nietzche, on the other hand, has been erroneously used to foster the idea that a particular race of man, or a particular individual, is superior to others. This Nietzche philosophy was speculated to be internalized by Adolf Hitler himself, who orchestrated the largest mass murder in the history of the world, simply because he believed in the superiority of the German race. Thus, we can see in the examples of Jesus Christ and of Friedrich Nietzsche, that when men rise above the conventions and to the challenges in their time, they are not only bound to become legends, but also misinterpreted leaders. Martin Luther King: A Force Misinterpreted In the United States of America, one potent influence suffers the same fate. Considered the leader of the free world; this man had so much power that he heightened a revolution and compelled a nation to change its laws. He is Martin Luther King, Jr. In his article entitled â€Å"Martin Luther King,† popular civil rights journalist Jack E. White describes King as, â€Å"the right man at the right time,† for in a revolution that needed a fearless leader, King became the perfectly accurate answer; the right man for the job. The nation at the time was ripe with protests against inequality. America then was a country that subscribed to the apartheid ideology;     segregation of individuals according to skin color was viewed appropriate. Race validated a person’s worth, and King fervently disagreed with this belief. He mobilized the African-American community into launching non-violent protest against discrimination, one of which is the 13-month boycott of the Montgomery bus lines in Alabama, in 1955. The popular and immortalized story of Rosa Parks, an African-American seamstress who refused to give up her bus seat for a Caucasian man prompted the boycott, but it was King who instigated and sustained the people’s resolve to protest. In 1957, King began organizing a network of African-American leaders and started facilitating non-violent protests in several communities. The awareness and significance of King’s cause heightened even more.   The most admirable trait King has demonstrated is his unwavering principle of non-violence, even when he himself had suffered through several acts of volatile violence, including the bombing of his home and unjust incarceration. Several communities and critics noted his incredible resilience and potent influence, and in the 1960s, he earned the recognition he so justly deserved. Time Magazine hailed him as its Person of the Year in 1963, and in the succeeding year, King was named as the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. However, King did not limit his cause to racial discrimination. He had far too much insight to narrow his perspective on one cause alone. Among the issues that he felt strongly about are the war in Vietnam and its accompanying factor, poverty.   By acting on these issues, Martin Luther King, Jr. became not just the leader of the African-American  demographic, but the most influential civil rights beacon who led the entire nation of America into a new light. Such a magnificent leader deserves a golden place in history, and Martin Luther King, Jr. is a figure truly well-placed not only in the annals of history, but in the hearts and minds of the American people as well. However, such a magnificent leader does not deserve a misinterpretation, and martin Luther King, Jr., is a figure highly misinterpreted. King’s impact today   extends only to African-American communities and engulfs only the issue of racial discrimination against African-Americans. Although this is a correct representation of King, it is a narrowed perspective of what he believed in, what he stood for, and what he fought and died for.  Ã‚   Jack E. White, in his article entitled, â€Å"Martin Luther King,† observes that: It is a testament to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr. that nearly every major city in the U.S. has a street or school named after him. It is a measure of how sorely his achievements are misunderstood that most of them are located in black neighborhoods. Three decades after King was gunned down on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tenn., he is still regarded mainly as the black leader of a movement for black equality. That assessment, while accurate, is far too restrictive. For all King did to free blacks from the yoke of segregation, whites may owe him the greatest debt, for liberating them from the burden of America's centuries-old hypocrisy about race. Thus, we can clearly see that the United States of America owes him the label of â€Å"liberator of all,† instead of the restrictive label, â€Å"liberator of the black race.† The American nation we have  today would have a very different face if King had not step up to the demands of his time, if he had not heeded the cry of the American people. Martin Luther King, Jr. freed America from the bondage of racial hypocrisy, and yet he is denied such a distinction by assigning him only to one cause, and only to one community. The earlier premise that Martin Luther King, Jr., is a highly misinterpreted leader is once again emphasized here. As a matter of fact, King had the intention of leading a protest march against poverty, an American plight that was not unique to a certain race. From the cause of racial discrimination, he moved to the cause of fighting poverty. However, before he carried out his plans King was gunned down in a hotel balcony in 1968. Thus, his distinction should not be narrowed down merely to a single cause. His widow Coretta Scott King perfectly validated her husband’s life and her husband’s cause by organizing the â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Non-Violent Social Change;† for it was the all-encompassing cause of social change that King believed in, stood for, fought and died for. Another misinterpretation of Martin Luther King, Jr. is the use of his principles and the use of his words to further racial issues grounded on a myopic perspectives.  Ã‚   One such movement that stands out from the rest, mainly because of its controversial nature, is the movement being led by Ward Connerly, an opponent of the government’s affirmative action policy. Connerly claims that his opposition against affirmative action is based on, and in parallel with, the advocacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. He asserts the erroneous interpretation that affirmative action is tantamount to racial discrimination. This claim is incredulous, since the affirmative action policy is aimed precisely to eradicate discrimination.   It is preposterous to conclude that the allocation of jobs minorities is equal with racial discrimination; it is even more preposterous that a magnificent leader such as King would even be associated with such an incredulous cause. In Respect to Martin Luther King’s Dream In these modern times, social change is a cry that resounds with so much fervor, and it is evident that so much has to be done to achieve the dream that Martin Luther King envisioned. King’s complex cause, social justice tied with economic justice, is a feat that requires internal and external changes within individuals, within communities, and the nation at large. It is worthy and important to note, however, that the United States of America has come a very long way indeed in terms of liberation from racial and social hypocrisy, and in this sense, we can say that King’s dream is slowly coming into reality. Racial discrimination, for instance, is now viewed as an abhorrent ideology, an unacceptable doctrine for the modern American. It is very much detested that whoever exhibits the slightest belief in it becomes an outcast in a nation of free thinkers, in a nation called the free world. The racist violence that was so apparent, so real, and so brutal in the past, prior to the emergence of Martin Luther King, Jr. and his civil rights cause, seems incredulous; it seems inconceivable that America has ever trodden such a path. The African-American race today, in fact, has earned a stellar place in America. Prominent names like talk show host Oprah Winfrey, professional golfer Tiger Woods, premier poet Maya Angelou, musicians Alicia Keys and Beyonce Knowles are influential figures in American society, admired by all races in America. Amusing Quotes.com lists this line from Chris Rock, a popular African-American comedian: â€Å"You know the world is going crazy when the best rapper is a white guy, and the best golfer is a black guy.† Though this statement is intended not to be taken seriously, we see a tinge of reality in it: the reversal of stereotyped roles between a black man and a white man is an indication that America has greatly changed its racial perception about the African-American race. This, however, is just a small parcel of achievement in the social change King aimed for. Customer’s last name  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6 The Martin Luther King Challenge The world today faces the Martin Luther King challenge, the challenge to forward the cause from racial equality to economic justice, and then elevate these to the international context in order to achieve international peace. Because the nation is merely in the first step, racial equality, it is quite obvious that we do have a long way to go. To take up and succeed in tackling the Martin Luther King challenge, we have to go back to his words, and one effective guideline that stands out from among his speeches is his advice to live a complete life. Seattletimes.com discloses the manner in which a complete life may be achieved, according to King: And there are three dimensions of any complete life to which we can fitly give the words of this text: length, breadth, and height. (Yes) Now the length of life as we shall use it here is the inward concern for one’s own welfare. (Yes) In other words, it is that inward concern that causes one to push forward, to achieve his own goals and ambitions. (All right) The breadth of life as we shall use it here is the outward concern for the welfare of others. (All right) And the height of life is the upward reach for God. (All right) Now you got to have all three of these to have a complete life. Such wise, potent words may ring empty if it is not heeded, and the free world, in order to fulfill the noble dream of Martin Luther King, must begin acting on this quest for completion. True, racial equality is a cause forwarded by this magnificent leader; but to say that it is the only thing he fought for, is very much restrictive. This is the ripe time for America and the world to truly understand his cause, and to truly act upon it. Works Cited â€Å"Chris Rock Quotes† Amusingquotes.com. 12 December 2007. â€Å"Friedrich Nietzsche.† Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 10 December 2007. Kalish, Michael. â€Å"Friedrich Nietzsche's Influence on Hitler's Mein Kampf.† UCSB Department of History. 10 December 2007. â€Å"The Life of Martin Luther King Jr.† Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement. TheSeattleTimes.com. 9 December 2007. White, Jack. â€Å"Martin Luther King.† The Time 100:The Most Important People of the Century. Leaders and Revolutionaries. 9 December 2007

Strengths and Weakneses of The North and South essays

Strengths and Weakneses of The North and South essays There were many strengths of both the union and confederate states. But the most abundant strengths belonged to the Union. Such was the very large population. This enabled the Yanks to have more people to go to war, more people to work the industry, more people to supply goods by farming them, and most important of all, they had plenty more reserves to send to the war effort. Another strength of the Union was the Navy. The navy could set up a blockade of ships to intercept the goods traded between the South and Europe. This would put great strain on the Confederates; they would have to ration all of the supplies, and would die from starvation/ living conditions. And since 65% of the farmland in America was found in the North, the South had less means to find food. The Yanks had 90% of the factories in America; they manufactured iron, coal, copper, and sulfur. The North also had one of the best political leaders in the country, Abraham Lincoln. As for the South, there were not as many advantages. Although there were a few strengths, there eventually werent enough to repel the Union army. The Rebels were skilled in basic survival skills such as horse riding, hunting, and primitive weapons use. The south also had the better generals/military leaders, because most of the generals that were trained so well were natives to the south. The Rebels were fighting on their home ground, and had to protect their homes and way of life. They would fight for their family. And, because of the North blockading the cargo ships coming and going from Europe the supply lines were enormously short. On the whole the South just didnt have enough advantages to overcome the Northern armies. What the rebels lacked in food, people, land, and a monetary system, they gained in leaders. But with the Yanks many advantages such as vast railway lines, agriculture, population, political system, leaders, and abundant resources, the South just could not ov ...

Battle of Jutland in World War I

Battle of Jutland in World War I Battle of Jutland -Conflict Dates The Battle of Jutland was fought May 31-June 1, 1916, and was the largest naval battle of World War I (1914-1918). Fleets Commanders Royal Navy Admiral Sir John JellicoeVice Admiral Sir David Beatty28 battleships, 9 battlecruisers, 9 armored cruisers, 26 light cruisers, 78 destroyers, 1 minelayer, 1 seaplane carrier Kaiserliche Marine Vice Admiral Reinhard ScheerVice Admiral Franz Hipper16 battleships, 5 battlecruisers, 6 pre-dreadnoughts, 11 light cruisers, 61 torpedo boats Battle of Jutland -German Intentions: With the Allied blockade increasingly taking a toll on the German war effort, the Kaiserliche Marine began devising plans to bring the Royal Navy to battle. Outnumbered in battleships and battlecruisers, the commander of the High Seas Fleet, Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer, hoped to lure part of the British fleet to its doom with the goal of evening the numbers for a larger engagement at a later date. To accomplish this, Scheer intended to have Vice Admiral Franz Hippers scouting force of battlecruisers raid the English coast to draw out Vice Admiral Sir David Beattys Battlecruiser Fleet. Hipper would then retire, leading the pursuing Beatty towards the High Seas Fleet which would destroy the British ships. To support the operation, submarines would be deployed to weaken Beattys forces while also watching Admiral Sir John Jellicoes main Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow. Unknown to Scheer, the British codebreakers at Room 40 had broken the German naval codes and were aware that a major operation was in the offing. Unaware of Scheers intentions, Jellicoe sortied with 24 battleships and three battlecruisers on May 30, 1916, and took up a blocking position ninety miles west of Jutland. Battle of Jutland -The Fleets Put to Sea: Jellicoes departure was followed later that day by Hipper who left the Jade Estuary with five battlecruisers. Able to move faster than his superior, Beatty sailed from the Firth of Forth early on May 31 with six battlecruisers and the four fast battleships of the Fifth Battle Squadron. Leaving after Hipper, Scheer put to sea on May 31 with sixteen battleships and six pre-dreadnoughts. In all cases, each formation was accompanied by a host of armored and light cruisers, destroyers, and torpedo boats. As the British moved into position, the German u-boat screen proved ineffective and played no role. Battle of Jutland -The Battlecruisers Collide: As the fleets moved towards each other, a communications error led Jellicoe to believe that Scheer was still in port. While he held his position, Beatty steamed east and received reports from his scouts at 2:20 PM of enemy ships to the southeast. Eight minutes later, the first shots of the battle occurred as British light cruisers encountered German destroyers. Turning towards the action, Beattys signal to Rear Admiral Sir Hugh Evan-Thomas was missed and a ten-mile gap opened between the battlecruisers and the Fifth Battle Squadron before the battleships corrected their course. This gap prevented Beatty from having a crushing advantage in firepower in the coming engagement. At 3:22 PM, Hipper, moving northwest, spotted Beattys approaching ships. Turning southeast to lead the British towards Scheers battleships, Hipper was sighted eight minutes later. Racing forward, Beatty squandered an advantage in range and failed to immediately form his ships for battle. At 3:48 PM, with both squadrons in parallel lines, Hipper opened fire. In the ensuing Run to the South, Hippers battlecruisers got the better of the action. Due to another British signaling error, the battlecruiser Derfflinger was left uncovered and fired with impunity. At 4:00 PM, Beattys flagship HMS Lion took a near fatal hit, while two minutes later HMS Indefatigable exploded and sank. Its loss was followed twenty minutes later when HMS Queen Mary met a similar fate. Though scoring hits on the German ships, Beattys battlecruisers failed to score any kills. Alerted to the approach of Scheers battleships shortly after 4:30 PM, Beatty quickly reversed course and began running to the northwest. Battle of Jutland -The Run to the North: Passing Evan-Thomass battleships, Beatty again had signal difficulties which hampered the Fifth Battle Squadrons turn. As the battered battlecruisers withdrew, the battleships fought a running rear-guard action with the High Seas Fleet. Moving to Beattys aid, Jellicoe sent forward Rear Admiral Horace Hoods Third Battlecruiser Squadron while attempting to obtain information about Scheers position and heading. As Beatty ran north, his ships hammered at Hipper, forcing him to turn south and join Scheer. Around 6:00 PM, Beatty joined Jellicoe as the commander debated which way to deploy the fleet. Battle of Jutland -The Dreadnoughts Clash: Deploying to the east of Scheer, Jellicoe put the fleet in position to cross Scheers T and have superior visibility as the sun began to set. As the Grand Fleet moved into line of battle, there was a flurry of activity as the smaller vessels raced into position, earning the area the name Windy Corner. With Jellicoe forming the fleet, the action was renewed when two British cruisers came under fire from the Germans. While one was sunk, the other was badly damaged but was inadvertently saved by HMS Warspite whose steering gear overheated causing it to circle and draw German fire. Approaching the British, Hipper again clashed with the battlecruisers, including Hoods fresh ships. Taking heavy damage, he was forced to abandon his flagship SMS Lutzow, but not before his ships sank HMS Invincible, killing Hood. At 6:30 PM the main fleet action began with Scheer stunned to find Jellicoes battleships crossing his T. His lead ships under intense fire from the British line, Scheer averted disaster by ordering an emergency maneuver known as Gefechtskehrtwendung (battle about turn to starboard) which saw each ship reverse course by turning 180-degrees. Knowing that he could not win a stern chase and with too much light remaining to escape, Scheer turned back towards the British at 6:55 PM. At 7:15 PM, Jellicoe again crossed the German T with his battleships hammering SMS Konig, SMS Grosser Kurfà ¼rst, SMS Markgraf, and SMS Kaiser of Scheers lead division. Under intense fire, Scheer was forced to order another battle about turn. To cover his withdrawal, he ordered a mass destroyer attack on the British line, along with an sending his battlecruisers forward. Meeting brutal fire from Jellicoes fleet, the battlecruisers took heavy damage as Scheer laid a smoke screen and retreated. As the battlecruisers limped away, the destroyers commenced torpedo attacks. Turning away from the assault, the British battleships escaped unscathed, however it cost Jellicoe valuable time and daylight. Battle of Jutland - Night Action: As darkness fell, Beattys remaining battlecruisers exchanged final shots with the Germans around 8:20 PM and scored several hits on SMS Seydlitz. Aware of German superiority in night fighting, Jellicoe sought to avoid renewing the battle until dawn. Cruising south, he intended to block Scheers most likely escape route back to the Jade. Anticipating Jellicoes move, Scheer slowed and crossed the Grand Fleets wake during the night. Fighting through a screen of light vessels, Scheers ships engaged in a series of chaotic night battles. In these fights, the British lost the cruiser HMS Black Prince and several destroyers to enemy fire and collisions. Scheers fleet saw the loss of the pre-dreadnought SMS Pommern, a light cruiser, and several destroyers. Though Scheers battleships were sighted several times, Jellicoe was never alerted and the Grand Fleet continued sailing south. At 11:15 PM, the British commander did receive an accurate message containing the German location and heading, but due to a series of faulty intelligence reports earlier in the day, it was disregarded. It was not until 4:15 AM on June 1, that Jellicoe was alerted to the Germans true position by which point he was too far away to resume the battle. Battle of Jutland - Aftermath: At Jutland, the British lost 3 battlecruisers, 3 armored cruisers, and 8 destroyers, as well as 6,094 killed, 510 wounded, and 177 captured. German losses numbered 1 pre-dreadnought, 1 battlecruiser, 5 light cruisers, 6 destroyers, and 1 submarine. Casualties were listed as 2,551 killed and 507 wounded. In the wake of the battle, both sides claimed victory. While the Germans succeeded in sinking more tonnage and inflicting higher casualties, the battle itself resulted in a strategic victory for the British. Though the public had sought a triumph similar to Trafalgar, the German efforts at Jutland failed to break the blockade or significantly reduce the Royal Navys numerical advantage in capital ships. Also, the result led to the High Seas Fleet effectively remaining in port for the remainder of the war as the Kaiserliche Marine turned its focus to submarine warfare. While both Jellicoe and Beatty were criticized for their performance at Jutland, the battle did lead to several changes in the Royal Navy. Determining that the loss in battlecruisers was largely due to shell handing procedures, changes were made to ensure a higher degree of safety. Also improvements were made to gunnery practices, signaling, and the Fleet Standing Orders. Selected Sources First World War: Battle of JutlandThe Battle of Jutland

Learn About Petcoke

Learn About Petcoke Petroleum coke, or petcoke, is a byproduct from the refining of crude oil. It consists mostly of carbon, with variable amounts of sulfurs and heavy metals. It has many industrial uses, including the production of batteries, steel, and aluminum. Lower-grade petcoke, which contains higher concentrations of sulfur, is used as fuel in coal-fired power plants and cement kilns. Lower-grade coal is estimated to represent 75% to 80% of all petcoke produced. The production of petcoke in North America has increased in recent years due to the refining of crude oil originating from Canada’s tar sands region. If all the recoverable bitumen (the â€Å"proven reserves†) from tar sands was removed and refined, several billion tons of petcoke could be produced. When operating at capacity, large U.S. refineries can produce 4,000 to over 7,000 tons of petcoke per day. In 2012 the United States exported 184 million barrels (33 million metric tons) of petcoke, predominantly to China. A lot of petcoke is also produced in Canada, in close proximity to the tar sands, where bitumen is upgraded into synthetic crude oil or syncrude.  Ã‚   A Troublesome Source of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Bitumen’s high density, or what gives it that semi-solid consistency, is explained by the fact that it contains more carbon than conventional oil. Refining crude oil from tar sands involves the reduction of the number of carbon atoms per hydrocarbon molecule. These discarded carbon atoms eventually form petcoke. Since large volumes of tar sand crude oil are currently refined, large amounts of low-grade petcoke are produced and sold as an inexpensive fuel for coal plants. This burning of petcoke is where tar sand bitumen releases extra carbon dioxide, compared to conventional oil. Petcoke produces more CO2 per pound than almost any other energy source, making it a contributor to greenhouse gases and thus a driver of global climate change. Not Just a Carbon Problem Refining sulfur-rich tar sand bitumen concentrates the sulfur content in the petcoke. Compared to coal, petcoke combustion requires the use of additional pollution controls to capture much of that sulfur. In addition, heavy metals are also concentrated into the petcoke. There are concerned with the release of these metals into the air when petcoke is used as a fuel in a coal power plant. These same concentrated heavy metals can enter the environment at storage sites where large piles of petcoke are staged, uncovered. The epicenter of complaints stemming from petcoke storage seems to be in the Chicago, Illinois, area. Large piles of petcoke, each made of thousands of tons of the dusty material, sit along the Calumet River and come from an oil refinery in nearby Whiting, Indiana. These storage sites are in close proximity to residential areas in Chicago’s Southeast side, where residents complain about dust from the petcoke piles blowing into their neighborhoods.   Indirect Effects: Keeping Coal-Fired Plants Open The recent boom in natural gas production has been a challenge for coal-fired power stations. Many have been closed or converted to natural gas power generators. However, petcoke can be used concurrently with coal in many power plants, a practice known as co-firing. Some technical challenges associated with co-firing exist (from petcoke’s high sulfur content, for example), but the very low price of petcoke could be an important factor to keep coal plants open in an economically competitive energy environment. New life could be breathed into slated-to-close coal power plants, with for a net result elevated CO2 emissions. Sources Chicago Sun-Times. Accessed 11 February 2014. Rahm Emanuel to Propose Ordinance Prohibiting New Petcoke Facilities.OilChange International. Accessed 11 February 2014. Petroleum Coke: The Coal Hiding in the Tar Sands.Oxbow Carbon. Accessed 11 February 2014. Petroleum Coke.Pavone, Anthony. Accessed 11 February 2014. Converting Petroleum Coke to Electricity.US Energy Information Administration. Accessed 11 February 2014. U.S. Exports of Petroleum Coke.US Energy Information Administration. Accessed 11 February 2014. Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program.

Rhetorical Analyses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rhetorical Analyses - Essay Example To provide a balanced discourse, Featherstone eventually evaluated magazines such as Blue Jean, Teen Voices, Hues and Reluctant Hero that were certified to provide more substantial contents. The rhetorical analysis hereby aims to evaluate Featherstone’s effectiveness in evaluating the magazines using appeals to ethos, logos, and pathos. The author’s arguments clearly indicated her preferences for the teen girls’ reading materials through provision of examples and citing relevant support from identified slogans, celebrities, and choice of feature articles that were believed to evoke the readers’ emotional response. For example, Featherstone’s assessment of Teen People’s strategies of using celebrities such as Jennifer Love Hewitt by focusing on the actress’ clothes and love life, instead of providing positive information, aim to make readers realize the lack of credible and substantial content that could improve knowledge of girls on mo re crucial matters. Her choices of vocabularies, though, swerve from easy to read to confusing and almost defying logical order – which is contrary to using appeals to pathos.

Investments in Education May Be Misdirected Article

Investments in Education May Be Misdirected - Article Example Consequently, the impact of poverty on intelligence is also addressed in the article using experiments conducted to link poverty with cognitive development (Porter). The findings indicate that poverty plays an integral role in shaping the cognitive development of the children. In summary, the article addresses the impact of family environment on cognitive development of children with the focus being on poverty and education of the mother. In spite of the ideas state, the title of the article is misleading because it does not link the government funding and failure in the education system. Surprisingly, the problem of the parents level of education is not directly linked with the government investment in the education sector. Therefore, improving the education of the parents cannot be linked directly with government funding. However, the impact of financial and educational gap between parents and its impact on child development can be solved by supporting children from poor families. Therefore, the article does not link the issues perfectly leading to bias in reasoning. The environmental challenges should be addressed by different government department in order to improve education. The head-start given to children from educated and wealthy parents can be countered by supporting children from the poor families, which will reduce the gap and increase student performance. Porter, Eduardo. "The New York Times." 2 April 2013. Investments in Education May Be Misdirected. Online. 27 October 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/03/business/studies-highlight-benefits-of-early-education.html?_r=0

Music element report2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Music element report2 - Essay Example No, you’re would be crooning the song’s melody for sure. We like and memorize new music pieces by its melody. Rhythm, harmony and form serve as technical elements for building a composition, while melody is a heart of music. It can be compared with driving a car. If the car is good, you won’t enjoy its wheels or its bumper or any other particular detail, you will enjoy the driving process in general. Melody is a reflection of all the music elements structured in one solid piece. I would like to quote the great German composer Johann Krinberger, whose words precisely point at the importance of melody: â€Å"The true goal of music—its proper enterprise—is melody. All the parts of harmony have as their ultimate purpose only beautiful melody. Therefore the question of which is the more significant, melody or harmony, is futile. Beyond doubt, the means is subordinate to the end.† (Forte,

Is the management of culture an ethically acceptable use of power Essay

Is the management of culture an ethically acceptable use of power - Essay Example ly, exercising given powers in a way that recognizes important issues to deal with, establishes priority areas in addition to sorting out competing values while the third aspect calls for moral evaluation where analytical skills are used in evaluating available options. These are a few aspects to consider when making value judge on whether management of culture is an ethically acceptable use of power or not. Therefore, ethical behaviour from those in authority is an important component of organizational culture given the need to be fair and just when handling different groups that interact during the operation of organizational activities (Johnson 2011). Ethical discussions about management of culture should be based on the reasons and importance of having a strong organizational culture. Strong organizational culture is an essential component that creates the necessary environment for achievement of organizational objectives, motivation of employees to be more productive in addition to enhancing management’s decision making process. Consequently, the use of power by any official should be directed towards achieving these goals (O’Donnell and Boyle 2008). Managers should not use the need for an established culture to target those who are perceived to have contradicting views on how to run the organization. Ethical decision-making should ensure that all with divergent views are accommodated into the organization. Trevino and Brown (2004) note the importance of making moral judgement by focusing on what is right and not necessarily doing what is right when making decisions that affect the organization. The authors assert that principled individuals have a high disposition to stick to their moral judgments even under pressure where they are more likely to resist pressure to behave unethically. Resistance emerging from the individuals who oppose new measures aimed at transforming existing culture or changing it completely most often frustrates managers (Secord

Drug cartels and us involvement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Drug cartels and us involvement - Research Paper Example In addition, other significant activities of the Gulf cartel are present in Monterrey in Nuevo Leon and Morelia in Michoacan. Finally, there is the Tijuana cartel which is approximated to be spread in 15 states. It conducts most of its operations in Tijuana, Mexicali, Tecate, and Ensenada in Baja California and in parts of Sinaloa. In the past years alliances have been established by the major cartels. An alliance was formed between Tijuana cartel and the Gulf cartel as a result of prison negotiations made by the cartels leaders. Other cartels came together and established the federation alliance. This alliance is mainly under the leadership of the Sinaloa, Juarez, and Valencia cartels representatives. In most cases the cartels still remain independent even though they work jointly. The availability of the illegal drugs has also been on the rise in the United States. The expanding activity from drugs cartels in Mexico has contributed greatly to this condition. These cartels are the m ost drug trafficking threat to the United States (Stich, 123). The Mexican drug war is considered to be a continuous armed conflict among the drug cartels that are competing for regional control and the Mexican government forces that are battling to bring the drug trafficking to an end. Mexico as a country is popular for production and transit of drugs. It is considered to be the leading foreign supplier of marijuana and also top supplier of methamphetamine to the United States. Most cartels in Mexico have been in existence for a longer period but their power has become significant in recent years especially after Medellin and Cali cartel’s in Columbia came to an end. ... Even though Mexico produces a smaller percentage of heroin in the whole world, it is the leading supplier of heroin in the United States. Most cartels in Mexico have been in existence for a longer period but their power has become significant in recent years especially after Medellin and Cali cartel’s in Columbia came to an end. The cocaine traffic was moved to Mexico after the trafficking route in Florida was closed. This resulted in tremendous increase in the trafficking of cocaine by the Mexican cartels (Friesendorf, 130-132). The Mexican cartels have also grown marijuana in the United States, and are located in the federal land in California. Currently they are increasing their drug production to northwest in the pacific area and a small portion in the eastern side of the United States. All those involved in these different areas have joined together to form strong ties. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, the American illicit drug market has been dominated mostly by the drug cartels from Mexico. The center also reveals that the cartels have a transport network which is well established. This helps them in the transportation of cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroin to the various destinations. There has been continuous balanced power in the different cartels as others are introduced and the older ones are weakened. In most cases their system is disrupted when the key leaders are arrested or even killed. The top rival’s takes an advantage and tries to occupy the power vacuum and this in most cases results in bloodshed. Leadership vacuum in some cases is as a result of successful law enforcement against a specific

Does Inernational Trade hurt the Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Does Inernational Trade hurt the Economy - Essay Example Opponents and supporters have raised their opinions in numerous election campaigns, interviews and journals. In essence, various studies have been carried out to identify the problems and benefits that accrue from international trade. Japan is one of the countries that have been affected either negatively or positively by this trade. This is because of its diversified trade that depends mainly on trade in the international market. Countries benefit when they trade. When these countries produce different product, they benefit to a greater degree. For the past decade, Japan has benefitted immensely from its interaction with other in the international market. In reference to a study conducted by Flaherty (1999), international trade improves a country’s technology and improves the productivity levels in turn. This has been the case with Japan which has seen the level of technology improve due to raw materials from trade partners and available market for the finished goods in other countries. Flaherty (1999) asserts that the employment available becomes efficient and average incomes increase and the levels of standards of living improve. Statistics indicate that since Japan involved itself with international trade the living conditions for the local citizens have improved tremendously. In addition, since the elimination of the trade barriers as a result of globalization, Japan has witnessed a decrease in in flation and unemployment rates. Needless to say, international trade has caused a decrease in prices of commodities and increased product quality and choice. Increased International trade has triggered an increase in Japan Products. Japan exports of goods and services have highly generated income. For many years, the country had experienced deficits in its trade balance. Increased International trade has reduced the deficit that has been contributed by higher imports and low exports. This has

Drug cartels and us involvement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Drug cartels and us involvement - Research Paper Example In addition, other significant activities of the Gulf cartel are present in Monterrey in Nuevo Leon and Morelia in Michoacan. Finally, there is the Tijuana cartel which is approximated to be spread in 15 states. It conducts most of its operations in Tijuana, Mexicali, Tecate, and Ensenada in Baja California and in parts of Sinaloa. In the past years alliances have been established by the major cartels. An alliance was formed between Tijuana cartel and the Gulf cartel as a result of prison negotiations made by the cartels leaders. Other cartels came together and established the federation alliance. This alliance is mainly under the leadership of the Sinaloa, Juarez, and Valencia cartels representatives. In most cases the cartels still remain independent even though they work jointly. The availability of the illegal drugs has also been on the rise in the United States. The expanding activity from drugs cartels in Mexico has contributed greatly to this condition. These cartels are the m ost drug trafficking threat to the United States (Stich, 123). The Mexican drug war is considered to be a continuous armed conflict among the drug cartels that are competing for regional control and the Mexican government forces that are battling to bring the drug trafficking to an end. Mexico as a country is popular for production and transit of drugs. It is considered to be the leading foreign supplier of marijuana and also top supplier of methamphetamine to the United States. Most cartels in Mexico have been in existence for a longer period but their power has become significant in recent years especially after Medellin and Cali cartel’s in Columbia came to an end. ... Even though Mexico produces a smaller percentage of heroin in the whole world, it is the leading supplier of heroin in the United States. Most cartels in Mexico have been in existence for a longer period but their power has become significant in recent years especially after Medellin and Cali cartel’s in Columbia came to an end. The cocaine traffic was moved to Mexico after the trafficking route in Florida was closed. This resulted in tremendous increase in the trafficking of cocaine by the Mexican cartels (Friesendorf, 130-132). The Mexican cartels have also grown marijuana in the United States, and are located in the federal land in California. Currently they are increasing their drug production to northwest in the pacific area and a small portion in the eastern side of the United States. All those involved in these different areas have joined together to form strong ties. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, the American illicit drug market has been dominated mostly by the drug cartels from Mexico. The center also reveals that the cartels have a transport network which is well established. This helps them in the transportation of cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroin to the various destinations. There has been continuous balanced power in the different cartels as others are introduced and the older ones are weakened. In most cases their system is disrupted when the key leaders are arrested or even killed. The top rival’s takes an advantage and tries to occupy the power vacuum and this in most cases results in bloodshed. Leadership vacuum in some cases is as a result of successful law enforcement against a specific

This house support mandatory vaccinations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

This house support mandatory vaccinations - Essay Example t only important to us but also very crucial to the citizens since they will greatly benefit from the activities as it is seen that by mandatory vaccinating we are at a good position to deal with future diseases that are greatly brought up by poor vaccination method at the moment. Refutation: Mostly from the research conducted by the government parastatals it has been proven that some diseases are because of UN vaccination .This disease once un vaccinated against they tend to spread from one individual to other. For that reason it is a high time we conduct the mandatory vaccinations to greatly reduce the spread rate. Claim: By vaccinating generally leads to a very health y future generation which is directly related to strong and healthy working force that will greatly stimulate the country’s economy as healthy bodies always are fully of innovations and great working potential. 2) From the motion, it is very formal that for this to be attained the government and its official should always be involved in attaining its missions and visions, thus a strong campaign needs to be done in order to educate the citizens and must always limit the rate of immigration or always be involved in screening the

Terrorism and human rights abuses in the Balkans Essay Example for Free

Terrorism and human rights abuses in the Balkans Essay Abstract This essay aims to explain the history of and the reasons for the existence of terrorism in the Balkans. It also compared the similarity between human rights abuses in Persian gulf nations and Islamic fundamentalist-themed terrorist attacks on the United States. Lastly, this essay will also answer why the fall of the Soviet Union will lead to an increase in terrorism in Eastern Europe. Terrorism and Human Rights Abuses in the Balkans, Eastern Europe and the Persian Gulf The Balkans, despite being a relatively small area, is home to an expansive assortment of nationalities, cultures and religions (Popescu, 2008). Hence, it is inevitable that any changes in the balance between them will have important political, social and economic consequences that will affect the entire region (Popescu, 2008). Terrorist groups took advantage of the instability brought about by the distrust of Balkan societies in their respective governments (Popescu, 2008). As a result, they easily turned the region into a breeding ground for extremist and fundamentalist groups, as well as a â€Å"transit corridor† for missions in third countries (Popescu, 2008). The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 1990s, for instance, originated from the desire of the Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) to establish an Islamic state (Popescu, 2008). They used Islam as a â€Å"nationalistic rhetoric,† equating the survival of their country with the restoration of Muslim national identity (Popescu, 2008). The Bosniaks were supported by Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Libya and Iran, providing them with weapons and soldiers (Popescu, 2008). From 1992 to 1995, 6,000 â€Å"Arab-Afghan† rebels came to the country to fight in the hostility (Popescu, 2008). After 9/11, majority of the charitable institutions in Bosnia-Herzegovina were investigated and closed down due to their alleged ties with terrorist organizations like the Al-Qaeda (Popescu, 2008). In March 2002, police raided the Bosanska Idealna Futura-BIF, a Sarajevo-based humanitarian organization (Popescu, 2008). They found military manuals, forged passports, weapons and personal correspondence between Osama bin Laden and BIF founder Enaam Mahmud Arnaout (Popescu, 2008). Human rights abuses by Persian Gulf nations (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, UAE, Kuwait, etc. ) and terrorist attacks against US interests were both intended to supress political opposition. Despite publicly denouncing â€Å"American imperialism,† the aforementioned countries are notorious for grossly violating the human rights of their citizens (Simbulan, 2002). Majority of political prisoners in the Persian gulf nations were detained for speaking out against corruption and totalitarianism in their respective countries (Simbulan, 2002). Prominent Omani playwright and human rights activist Abdullah Ryami was imprisoned on July 2005 for vocally criticizing the Omani governments arrest and trial of 31 Omanis belonging to the Ibadi sect for allegedly plotting a coup (Human Rights Watch, 2005). At the time of his incarceration, he had no contact with his family or a legal counsel (Human Rights Watch, 2005). He was also banned from writing in newspapers and producing plays for television (Human Rights Watch, 2005). On December 2007, activists in Bahrain staged a series of demonstrations to â€Å"mark abuses by security forces during political unrest in the 1990s† (Human Rights Watch, 2008). Dozens of people were arrested in the violent dispersals that ensued, including opposition political activists who protested the Bahraini governments repression of civil liberties (Human Rights Watch, 2008). In January 2008, detainees complained of being subjected to physical and sexual abuse by interrogators and jailers (Human Rights Watch, 2008). The prisoners request for independent physicians to examine the extent of their injuries was also denied (Human Rights Watch, 2008). The collapse of the Soviet Union contributed to terrorist activities in Eastern Europe by making its newly-formed republics more vulnerable to American military intervention (Howstuffworks, 2008). After the Soviet bloc fell, the US emerged as the worlds remaining superpower (Howstuffworks, 2008). The breakup of the Soviet Union granted the US easy access to its natural resources, particularly oil (Howstuffworks, 2008). The paragraph below summarized the regions potential: Afghanistan occupies the central position in the U. S. strategy for the economic control of the oil and gas resources in the entire Middle East. The U. S. currently imports 51 per cent of its crude oil 19. 5 million barrels daily. The Energy Information Administration estimates that by 2020, the U. S. will import 64 per cent of its crude 25. 8 million barrels a day. Caspian region oil reserves might be the third largest in the world (after Western Siberia and the Persian Gulf) and, within the next 15 to 20 years, may be large enough to offset Persian Gulf oil. Caspian Sea oil and gas are not the only hydrocarbon deposits in the region. Turkmenistans Karakum Desert holds the worlds third largest gas reserves three trillion cubic meters and has six billion barrels of estimated oil reserves. Current estimates indicate that, in addition to huge gas deposits, the Caspian basin may hold as much as 200 billion barrels of oil 33 times the estimated holdings of Alaskas North Slope and a current value of $4 trillion. It is enough to meet the U. S. energy needs for 30 years or more (Yechury, 2001). Hence, it was no longer surprising if the US declared war against the Taliban regime of Afghanistan. But majority of the extremist and terrorist groups in the former Soviet Bloc and in Eastern Europe are allied with the Taliban, as the Taliban provided them with weapons, training and manpower (Godoy, 2001). Therefore, the US will have to face a bigger threat of terrorism in Eastern Europe. References __________. (2002, October). The Oil Equation in the US Bid against Iraq. Education for Development, 1, 15-16. Capdevila, G. (2002, October). Outgoing UN Human Rights Chief Repeats Criticisms against US. Education for Development, 1, 30-31. Deen, T. (2002, October). UN Credibility at Stake over Iraq, Warn Diplomats. Education for Development, 1, 10-11. Godoy, J. (2001, November 15). US Policy Towards Taliban Influenced by Oil – Authors. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http://www. commondreams. org/headlines01/1115-06. htm. Howstuffworks. (2008). The Fall of the Soviet Union and the Rise of Terrorism. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http://history. howstuffworks. com/cold-war/the-cold-war-timeline4.htm. Human Rights Watch. (2005, July 18). Oman: Critics Subjected to Injustices They Had Exposed. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http://hrw. org/english/docs/2005/07/18/oman11343. htm. Human Rights Watch. (2008, January 21). Bahrain: Investigate Alleged Torture of Activists. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http://hrw. org/english/docs/2008/01/21/bahrai17838. htm. Human Rights Watch. (2008, February 16). Bahrain: New Allegations of Detainee Abuse. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http://hrw. org/english/docs/2008/02/16/bahrai18083.htm. Lobe, J. (2002, October). US Vision of Might and Right. Education for Development, 1, 3-5. Popescu, Teodora. (2008). Tackling Terrorism in the Balkans. PDF File. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from sparky. harvard. edu/kokkalis/GSW9/Popescu_paper. pdf. Simbulan, R. (2002, October). Why the UN Must Defend Iraq against the US War of Aggression. Education for Development, 1, 48-50. Yechury, Sitram. (2001). America, Oil and Afghanistan. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http://www. hinduonnet. com/2001/10/13/stories/05132524. htm.

Point of View in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay -- Shirley Jackso

Point of View in The Lottery Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" uses the third-person dramatic point of view to tell a story about an un-named village that celebrates a wicked, annual event. The narrator in the story gives many small details of the lottery taking place, but leaves the most crucial and chilling detail until the end: the winner of the lottery is stoned to death by the other villagers. The use of the third-person point of view, with just a few cases of third-person omniscient thrown in, is an effective way of telling this ironic tale, both because the narrator's reporter-like blandness parallels the villagers' apparent apathy to the lottery, and because it helps build to the surprise ending by giving away bits of information to the reader through the actions and discussions of the villagers without giving away the final twist. "The Lottery" is primarily told in the third-person dramatic point of view, but on occasion the narrator becomes omniscient to divulge information to the reader that which is commonly known to the villagers. In paragraph 7, for example, the ...

Acid Rain :: Environmental Fossil Fuels Essays

Acid Rain Fossil fuels are a major part of our society today. With the start of the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels became a very vital source in our day to day lives. Without fossil fuels our lives would be difficult-we would not be able to have cars, electricity, heat, and many other objects we use on a daily basis. Although fossil fuels are beneficial to us, fossil fuels possess a negative side effect. Fossil fuels have contributed to many environmental concerns. One of the most hazardous concerns caused by fossil fuels is acid rain. Until taking EGEE 101, I was unaware of this concern and did not know the harmful damages that acid rain causes. Therefore, I wanted to understand more about acid rain and know exactly what it is and where it comes from. Acid rain is considered precipitation in the form of rain, snow, or fog. It is not regular precipitation though; it is precipitation that is polluted by acid. Emissions of sulfur dioxide (SOx) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) into the atmosphere cause this precipitation to become acidic. These emissions are released into the atmosphere by human activity, such as automobiles, industries, and electrical power plants that burn fossil fuels like coal and oil. When these gases are released, they mix with water vapor in the clouds and form sulfuric and nitric acids (Acid Rain Encyclopedia Britannica 2005). When sulfuric and nitric acids are released into the atmosphere, they travel long distances by winds before falling back to earth as acid precipitation. This causes a problem when the environment cannot neutralize the acid in such large amounts (Acid Rain and The Facts 2005). An acid is a substance distinguished by its ability to react with a base (Acid Rain and The Facts 2005). Therefore this form of precipitation is named acid rain is because it has a high acidity according to the pH scale. The pH scale is a system of measurement to measure â€Å"the amount of acid in a liquid-like water.† Acids release hydrogen ions, and the acid content of a solution is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions and therefore shown as pH (Acid Rain Encyclopedia Britannica 2005).

The Listing Regulations of the Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited

THE LISTING REGULATIONS OF THE DHAKA STOCK EXCHANGE LIMITED Notification No. SEC/Member-II, Dated 8th April 1996 In exercise of the powers conferred by section 34 (1) of the Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969 (XVII of 1969), the Dhaka Stock Exchange, with the previous approval of the Securities and Exchange Commission, pleased to make the following regulation, namely: – I. 1.PRELIMINARY Short title and extent of applicability: (1) These Regulations may be called the â€Å"Listing Regulations of the Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited† The Regulations shall apply to all companies and securities applying for listing and those listed on the Exchange. (2) 2. (1) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) In the Regulations, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context. Act† means the Companies Act, 1994; â€Å"Council† means the Board of Councillors of the Exchange; â€Å"Commission† means the Securities and Exchange Commission; â€Å"Exchange† means t he Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited; â€Å"Listed Company† means a company or a body corporate or a corporation or other body which has been listed in accordance with the regulations and whose securities are listed; â€Å"Listed security† shall include any share, scrip, debenture, term finance certificate, bond, pre-organization certificate or such other instruments as the Commission may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify for the purpose and which is accepted for listing on the Exchange in accordance with the Regulations; â€Å"Ordinance† means the Securities & Exchange Ordinance, 1969 (XVII of 1969); â€Å"Prescribed† means prescribed by these Regulations or under authority hereof; â€Å"Regulations† means these listing Regulations of the Exchange for the time being in force; â€Å"Secretary† means the Secretary to the Exchange. (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (2) Words of expressions defined in the Act and the Ordinance shall, except those defined herein or where the subject or the context forbids, bear the same meaning as in the Act and the Ordinance or either of them and in the case of word or expression bears different meanings under both the Act. and the Ordinance that meaning which is carried or included in the Act shall prevail and have preferred application. II. LISTING OF COMPANIES & SECURITIES 3. 1) No dealings in securities of a company shall be allowed on the Exchange either on the Ready quotation Board or Cleared List, unless the company or the securities have been listed and permission for such dealing has been granted in accordance with these Regulations. (2) The permission under sub-regulation (1) may be granted upon an application being made by the company or in respect of the securities in the manner prescribed at least ten days prior to issue of the first prospectus. The Exchange, in granting such permission will consider, among other things sufficiently of public interest in the company or th e securities as determined by the Council in a welldefined way. 3) The Exchange shall decide the question of granting permission within a maximum period of six weeks from the date of closure of subscription lists. In case the permission is refused, the reasons thereof will be communicated to the applicant and the Commission within six weeks from the date of closure of subscription lists. (4) The Council will be the sole authority to grant, defer or refuse such permission and may for that purpose, relax any of these regulation subject only to two-third majority of the councillors present at such meeting of the council and so resolving by the majority of them. 4. (1) The application for listing shall be made by the applicant-company or on behalf of the security in the prescribed form and will be accompanied by the fees, specified in the Regulations. 2) The Council may require additional evidence, declarations, affirmations and information as also other forms to be filled up reasonable and relevant to application for listing, and all such requisitions shall be deemed to be prescribed requisitions for the purpose of a proper application for consideration by the Council for listing. (3) If an application together with the additional information referred to in subregulation(2) is not submitted, the Council may defer consideration or decline to consider it in which case such application will stand disposed of as refused. However, the applicant may move a fresh application after six months from the date of such refusal unless the Council other-wise decides. 4) An Applicant-company or security applying for listing shall furnish full and authentic information in respect thereof and such other particulars reasonable and relevant to the application for listing, as the Council or the Exchange may require from time to time. All routine particulars may be called for by the Secretary. III. UNDERTAKING 5. (1) No listing of a Company or securities, shall be permitted unless the company or the authorised representative on behalf of the securities has provided an undertaking under a common seal and authorised signature to abide by these Regulations. (2) The Company and/or the authorised representative in respect of securities, as the case may be, shall further undertake. i) (ii) that the securities shall be quoted on the Ready Quotation Council and/or the Cleared List at the discretion of the Exchange. that the Exchange shall not be bound by the request of the Company to remove its securities from the Ready Quotation Council and/or the Cleared List; that the Exchange shall be authorised and have the right, at any time and without serving notice if it be deemed proper for reasons to be recorded in writing, to suspend or to remove any shares or securities from the Ready Quotation Council and/or the Cleared List for any reason which the Exchange considers sufficient in public interest as determined by the Council in a well- defined way. hat such provisions in the articles of association of a Company or in any declaration or basis relating to any security as are or otherwise not deemed by the Exchange to be in conformity with the Regulations shall, upon being called upon by the Council, be amended forthwith and until such time as these amendments are made the provisions of these Regulations shall be deemed to supersede the articles of association of the Company or the declaration or basis relating to the securities to the extent indicated by the Council for purposes of amendment. that the Company or the security may be de-listed by the Council in the event of non-compliance and/or breach of undertaking given hereunder. (iii) (iv) (v) 6. The following documents and particulars duly certified by the company or the Company or authorised representative presenting the security shall be submitted to the Exchange at the time of application for listing or any time on demand by the Exchange. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)Application for listin g as per Form I; Memorandum & Articles of Association; Copy of the Certificate of incorporation; Copy of the Certificate of Commencement of Business; Copy of the Feasibility Report, in case of a new project; Copy of the certificate of registration of the industrial Units issued by the Council of Investment or any other competent authority; Copies of all material contracts and agreements entered into or exchanged with foreign participants, machinery suppliers and any other financial institutions; (viii) Copies of Letter (s) of Credit established in favour of Machinery Suppliers, if linked with the public issue; (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) Copy of Consent order issued by the Commission; Names of Directors along with directorship of other companies listed on the Exchange; Draft prospectus/Offer for sale; Auditors Certificate for the amount subscribed by the promoters/directors/ subsidiaries/associates; (xiii) Copies of the agreements relation to issue to securities for onsideration other than cash, if any; (xiv) (xv) (xvi) Copy of underwriting agreement (if any); Statement of audited accounts for the last 5 years or for a shorter number of years if the company is in operation only for such shorter period; Statement showing the cost of project and means of finance; (xvii) Copies of the approval of tax-holiday application under Ordinance, 1984; (xviii) Copies of the consent Letters from Bankers or Financial Institution to the Issues; (xix) (xx) (xxi) Application for submission of Under of Undertaking and payment of fees as per Form II; Copy of approval of prospectus/offer for sale from Commission; and Any other documents/material contract and such other particulars as may be required by the Exchange or by the Council and/or by the Commission; IV. PROSPECTUS, ALLOTMENT, ISSUE AND TRANSFER OF SHARES. 7. 1) No Company will apply for listing or be listed unless it is registered under the Act as a public limited company or has been set up under a statute and its minimum paid-up capital is Taka Twenty million. (2) Despite receiving the application for listing and any preliminary actions thereon, no Company shall be listed unless it has made a public issue which is subscribed by not less than 400 applicants. (3) The requirements of sub-section (1) or (2) shall not apply to listing of securities, other than shares of companies, unless any law so requires or the commission, in the exercise of its powers under the Ordinance, so directs. 8. (1) The prospectus or the offer for sale shall confirm to and in accordance with the requirements and provisions of the Act and/or the Ordinance and any other law or legal requirement for the time being applicable.Without prejudice to the foregoing the prospectus or the offer for sale shall fulfill all requirements of the law and of the Commission and shall state that:(a) the amount of public issue shall be in accordance with the consent order of the Commission, where applicable and the requirements prescribed hereunder or o therwise laid down by the Exchange; in all public issues, either by way of prospectus or by offer for sale, the basic of allotment shall be in accordance with the ‘consent order’ issued by the commission under the Ordinance; the share certificates shall be issued in such marketable lots as may be determined or approved by the Commission: and the application money shall be refunded, within such time as is prescribed in regulation 9 (4), if the company is not listed on the Exchange for any reason what so ever or the listing is refused. (2) (b) (c) (d) (3)The prospectus or offer for sale with the proforma application form shall be published by the company in one national daily Newspaper or as the Exchange may in addition require, at least 7 (seven) days in advance but not more than 30 (thirty) days before the due date of the opening of the subscription list. The company shall make available to the Exchange and to the bankers to the issue for distribution printed copies of prospectus or offer for sale and application forms in the quantity to be determined by the Exchange and the bankers. The company shall also accept application on identical copy/forms. (4) (5) Applications for shares shall be accepted only through bankers to the issue, whose names shall be included in the prospectus or the offer for sale.The directors or the associated companies, as the case may be, shall not participate in subscription of shares offered to the general public. The company shall inform the Exchange of the subscription received, which information shall be communicated in writing under the hand of an authorised person with certificate(s) from bankers to the issue, within seven working days of the closing of subscription. The company shall take a decision within forty days of the closure of subscription list as to what applications have been accepted or are successful. The company shall refund the application money in case of unaccepted or unsuccessful applications withi n 40 days of the closure of subscription lists.In case the application for listing is refused by the Exchange, for any or what so ever reasons, the company shall within 30 days pay without interest all money received from applicants in pursuance of the prospectus or the offer for sale, and if any such money is not repaid within thirty days after the company becomes liable to repay it, the directors of the company shall be, jointly and severally, liable to reply that money with interest at the rate of one percent for every month or part there of from the expiration of the 30th day. In case of over-subscription, the company, or the officers, as the case maybe, shall immediately submit to the Exchange copies of the ballot register of successful applications.The company shall despatch all allotment letters for securities in marketable lot within 40 (forty) days of closing of the subscription lists and keep ready all security certificates concerned, affixing hologram on them, within 90 ( ninety) days of the date of issue of the allotment letter to under intimation to the Exchange. Provided however that for trading purpose all allotment letters as well as Form-117 must bear rubber stamp with the word â€Å"certified/verified† under signature of the company Secretary, both in original, on the top right hand side of the same and that no allotment letter shall be acceptable by Exchange after 140 (one hundred and forty) days of closing of the subscription lists. (6) 9. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 7) Any company which makes a default in complying with the requirements of these Regulations, or any of its sub-regulation, shall pay to the Exchange a penalty of TK. 1,000 (Taka one thousand only) for every day during which the default continues. The Exchange may also notify the fact of such default and the name of the defaulting company by notice and also by publication in the Ready Council Quotation of the Exchange. (8) Any action under these Regulations shall be without p rejudice to the action or steps taken by any other person or authority. 10. The company or the offerers shall, within six weeks of closing of subscription list, pay brokerage to the members of the exchange at the minimum rate of one percent of the value of the shares actually sold through them. 11. 1) (2) The company shall split allotment letters and letters of right into marketable lots within ten days of receipt of such application. The company shall consolidate or split, as may be required by a holder in writing, share certificates into marketable lots within 45 days of receipt of such application. The company shall verify the signature of shareholders within 72 hours of such a request which need not be accompanied by share certificates. The company shall complete shares transfer and have ready for delivery the share certificates lodged for registration of transfer within 45 days of the application for such transfer and its registration. The company shall give a minimum of 14 day s notice to the Exchange prior to (Closure of Share Transfer Books for any Purpose.The company shall treat the date of posting as the date of lodgement of shares for the purpose for which shares transfer register is closed, provided that the posted documents are received by the company before relevant action has been taken by the company. The company shall issue transfer receipts immediately on receiving the shares for transfer. The company shall not charge any transfer fee for transfer of shares. The company shall provide a minimum period of 7 days but not exceeding 15 days at a time for closure of shares Transfer Register, for any purpose, not exceeding 45 days in a year in the whole. 12. (1) (2) 13. (1) (2) (3) ( 4) (5) 14.No listed Company shall exercise any line whatsoever on fully paid shares and not shall there be any restriction on transfer of fully paid shares. The same shall apply to all listed securities. V. DIVIDENDS AND ENTITLEMENTS 15. (1) Every listed company shall ad vise and keep advise by appropriate writings the Exchanges of all dividends and entitlement in respect of its listed securities immediately upon recommendations by its directors through a letter to be delivered under a sealed cover during trading hours of the exchange. (2) Intimation of dividend and of all other entitlement shall be sent to the exchange not later than 14 days prior to commencements of the book closure. 16.Every listed company shall send to the exchange its financial results, both in the case of half yearly and annual accounts, in such from as may be prescribed by the commission as soon as these are approved by the directors of the company. 17. (1) The company shall send to the Exchange 50 copies each of statutory reports, annual reports and audited accounts not later then 14 days before a meeting of the shareholders is held to consider the same. (2) The company shall send to the Exchange copies of all notices as well as resolution at the same time of their publicati on and despatch to the shareholders and also file with the Exchange certified copies of all such resolutions as soon as these have been adopted and become effective. (3) The company shall send to the Exchange 50 copies of half yearly accounts as soon as the same are printed and/or published. 18. 1) Every listed company shall :(i) despatch the interim dividend warrants to the shareholders concerned within 60 days from the date of declaration of such dividend in a meeting of the board of directors in which the same has been approved ; despatch the final dividend warrants to the shareholders concerned within 60 days from the date of general meeting in which the same has been approved ; despatch the share certificates against bonus issue or stock dividend to the shareholders concerned within 60 days from the date of general meeting in which the same has been approved ; intimate the exchange immediately as soon as all the dividend warrants or bonus share certificates ,as the case may be, are posted to the shareholders; despatch interim and final dividend warrants, or bonus share certificates, as the case may be, to the shareholders by registered post or courier service unless those entitled to receive the dividend or certificate require otherwise in writing. (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (3)All dividend warrants, in addition to the place of the registered office of the issuing companies, shall be encashable at least at all divisional head quarters for a period if six months from the date of issue. A listed company, which makes a default in complying, with the requirements of this regulation, shall pay to the Exchange penalty of Tk. 1000. 00 (Taka one thousand only) for every day during which the default continues. The Exchange may also notify the fact of such default and the name of defaulting company by notice and also by publication in the official Quotation list of the Exchange. Any action under these Regulations shall be without prejudice to the action or steps taken by any other person or authority. 3) (4) VI. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETINGS, ETC. 19. (1) A listed company shall hold its annual general meeting and lay before the said meetings balance sheet, profit and loss account and cash flows statement within nine months following the close of its financial year and in keeping with the provisions of the act. (2) A company may apply to the Exchange for extension in time under sub-regulation (1) and shall pay the following extension fees with such application : (i) Extension for the 1st month or part thereof: Tk. 5000. 00 (ii) Extension for the 2nd month or part thereof: Tk. 10,000. 00 (iii) Extension for the 3rd month or part thereof: Tk. 15,000. 0 Provided that the above extension shall be allowed subject to and upon production of a letter of approval from the commission allowing a similar Extension. (3) Upon receipt of the application, with the fee corresponding to the extension applied for, the council may, in its sole discretion, grant or refuse the extension. In the event of refusal the fee paid with the application shall be refunded retaining 10% thereof as service charges. (4) Failure to obtain extension from the exchange or if the annual general meeting is not held within time of the extension is refused, it shall make the company liable to penalty at double the rate of extension fees provided above. (5) No further extension beyond maximum period under sub-regulation (2) shall be granted.In the event of default continuing after the final extension provided here inabove, the company shall be liable to an additional penalty at the rate of Tk. 1,000. 00 per day for every day of the default and to action of suspension or delisting as may be decided by the Exchange. The Exchange may also notify the fact of such default and the name of the defaulting company by notice and also by publication of the same in the official quotation List of the Exchange. 20. (1) The company shall furnish copies of minutes of its annual general meetin g and of every extra-ordinary general meeting to the Exchange and the commission within 60 days of such meeting. 2) The company shall furnish to the Exchange and the commission a summarized list of shareholders showing the holding by sponsors, foreigners, institutions and general public as at 30th June and 31st December in each calendar year duly affirmed to be correct as and up to that date, within 30 days thereof. Failure to comply in the said behalf shall be deemed to be violation of these regulations and, in addition, such Company shall be liable to pay a sum of Tk. 1,000. 00perdayfor each day of default until it continues. VII. 21. INCREASE OF CAPITAL & ALLIED ISSUES Every listed company shall immediately advice the Exchange and the commission of all decisions taken by its council of directors and / or shareholders regarding any change in authorized, issued or paid up capital, issue of bonus shares, right shares or refund of capital and/ or reduction of capital. 22. 1) A listed company shall issue entitlement letters or right offers to all the share holders within a period of 45 days from the date of re-opening of share transfer register of the company closed for this purpose. (2) The company shall pay the following fees for extension granted by the Exchange with regard of issuance entitlement letters, etc. (i) for the first 15 days (ii) for the first 15 days Tk. 1,000. 00 per day Tk. 2,000. 00 per day Failure to seek extension from the Exchange shall make the company, liable to a penalty at double the rate of extension fee provided above. (3) No extension shall be granted beyond the period in sub-regulations (2).In the event of the default continuing after the final extension, the company shall be liable to an additional penalty at the rate of TK. 5000. 00 per day for each of default and also to action of suspension or otherwise delisting by the Exchange (4) No company which has been suspended or de-listed, as the case may be, shall be restored and its s hares re-quoted on Exchange until it has paid the full amount of penalty for the days of the default and receives the assent of the Council and/or Exchange for the restoration. 23. (1) A listed company shall issue bonus shares certificates within a period of sixty days from the date of re-opening of the share transfer register closed for this purpose according to the following time table. i) the bonus share certificates shall be despatched to the shareholders or concerned by registered post courier service unless those entitled to receive the bonus share certificates require otherwise in writing ; (ii) (iii) the exchange shall be immediately intimated as soon as the bonus share certificates are despatched to the shareholders; the company shall pay the extension fee (as in regulation 22(2) above)for extension granted by the Exchange with regard to issuance of bonus shares; no extension beyond that provided in the preceding clause shall be granted; in the event of the default continui ng after the final extension the company shall be liable to the penalty at the rate of Tk. 5,000. 00 per day the default continues and lso to action of suspension or de-listing by the Exchange. (iv) (v) (2) No listed company, which has been suspended or delisted, shall be restored andits share re-quoted on the Exchange until it pays penalty for the days of the default and receives the assent of the Council for restoration. VIII. LISTING OF SUBSIDIARY COMPANY & OTHER MATTERS. 24. (1) A listed company distributing shares of its â€Å"unlisted† subsidiary company in the form of specie dividend, right shares or any similar distribution shall get such subsidiary company listed on the Exchange within a period of 120 days from the date of approval of such distribution by the shareholders at the meeting of such company.In case of failure of such subsidiary company to apply for listing or refusal by the Exchange for such listing on account of insufficient public interest, or for any o ther reason whatsoever, the Company distributing specie dividend shall encash the shares of the subsidiary company at the option of the recipients at the price not less than the current break-up value or face value, whichever is higher, within 30 days from the expiry of 120 days or from the date of refusal of listing whichever is earlier, failure in which behalf shall be default in which event the trading in the shares of the listed company be suspended by the Council or the company de-listed. (2) 25. Every listed company shall notify the Exchange and the Commission immediately regarding changes in its council of directors by addition or removal by death, resignation, or dis-qualification, as the case may be. 6. A listed company shall notify the Exchange and the Commission of any amendment proposed to be made in its memorandum and articles of association before the same are placed for the approval of the shareholders. 27. A listed company shall immediately notify the Exchange and th e Commission in respect of any material change in the nature of its business including acquisition or sale or purchase of major operating assets, franshise, brand name, goodwill, royalty and all relevant information such as consideration, terms of payment, period of use of such facilities and projected gains and also risk or uncertain factors to accrue to the Company. 28.Every listed company shall advise the Exchange of: (a) the decision to issue Term Finance certificates and the purpose thereof, not withstanding the application is to be made to the Commission later; (b) submit copy of the application made to Commission with relevant details and certified copy of the consent order; (c) all material particulars of the Term Finance Certificates including conditions governing the issue, details of guarantees/securities, trustees and name of the subscribing institution (s). 29. All listed Companies shall intimate before 14 days to the Exchange and the Commission in respect of the date a nd time of holding of its annual general meeting or extra-ordinary general meetings. 30. All listed company shall notify the Exchange and the Commission in advance the date and time of its council meeting specially called for consideration of its accounts and for declaration of any entitlement for the shareholders. IX. DE-LISTING AND SUSPENSION. 31. 1) A listed company may be de-listed or suspended for any of the following reasons: (a) if its securities are quoted below 50 percent of face value for a continuous period of three calendar years provided that if the shares of the company quoted at 50 percent or above of their face value then such a rate is maintained for a continuous period of thirty working days. (b) if it has failed to declare dividend or bonus : (i) for five years from the date of declaration of last dividend or bonus; or (ii) (iii) in the case of manufacturing companies, for five years from the date of commencement of commercial production; and for five years from t he date of commencement of business in all other cases. c) if it has failed to hold its annual general meeting for a continuous period of three years; (d) if it has gone in to liquidation either voluntarily or under court order; (e) if it has failed to pay the annual listing fees as prescribed in these regulations payable to the Exchange for a period of 2 years or penalty imposed under these regulation or any other dues payable to the Exchange for a period of two years; (f) if it has failed to comply with the requirements of any of these Regulations; (g) no company which has been de-listed or suspended shall be restored and its shares re-quoted until it removes the causes of de-listing/suspension and receives the assent of the Council or Exchange for the restoration. (2) No company will be de-listed under the Listing Regulations unless the company has been given an adequate opportunity of being heard. 32.Where no trading has taken place on the Exchange in the Securities of a listed company for a continuous period of 180 days, the Exchange, if it is satisfied that the prices quoted are not in accordance with the market realities, the Exchange may declare it as not traded or as an inactive stock, until such time as a subsequent trade takes place and a price is ascertained. X. LISTING AND ANNUAL FEES 33. (1) A company applying for listing on the Exchange, shall pay an initial listing fee equivalent to one fourth of one percent of the PAID-UP CAPITAL, DEBENTURE AND SHARE PREMIUM, IF ANY subject to a minimum of Taka ten thousand. (2) Whenever a listed company increase the paid-up capital of any class or class of its shares, or securities listed on the Exchange, it shall pay to the Exchange a fee equivalent to one fourth of one percent of such increase of shares and debentures along with share premium, if any, thereon. 3) Every listed company shall pay, in respect of each financial year of the Exchange, commencing from 1st January and ending on 31st December next, a n annual listing fee, which shall be payable by or before the 31st March in each calendar year, as per following schedule; COMPANIES HAVING PAID-UP CAPITAL & DEBENTURES RATE OF FEE Up to Tk. 1(One) crore Up to Tk. 2 (Two) crore Up to Tk. 3 (Three) crore Up to Tk. 4 (Four) crore Up to Tk. 5 (Five) crore Up to Tk. 7. 5 (Seven & Half) crore Up to Tk. 10 (Ten) crore Up to Tk. 12. 5 (Twelve & Half) crore Up to Tk. 15 (Fifteen) crore Up to Tk. 20 (Twenty) crore Up to Tk. 25 (Twenty Five) crore Up to Tk. 30 (Thirty) crore Up to Tk. 40 (Forty) crore Tk. 10,000 Tk. 15,000 Tk. 20,000 Tk. 25,000 Tk. 30,000 Tk. 35,000 Tk. 40,000 Tk. 5,000 Tk. 50,000 Tk. 55,000 Tk. 60,000 Tk. 65,000 Tk. 70,000 Up to Tk. 50 (Fifty) crore Up to Tk. 60 (Sixty) crore Up to Tk. 70 (Seventy) crore Up to Tk. 80 (Eighty) crore Up to Tk. 100 (One hundred) crore Above Tk. 100 (One hundred) crore Tk. 75,000 Tk. 80,000 Tk. 85,000 Tk. 90,000 Tk. 95,000 Tk. 1,00,000 Provided that the Exchange or Council may revise the above f ees or any of the slabs or add new slabs, Provided further that every company applying for listing shall pay annual listing fee for the entire financial year of the Exchange along with the listing application irrespective of the date of its listing during that financial/calendar year. 4) The above Listing fee or any other sum fixed by the Exchange or the Council shall be payable by 31st March in advances for every financial/calendar year. Failure to pay the annual fee by 31st March shall make the company liable to pay a surcharge at the rate of 1. 5 percent (one and a half percent) per month or part thereof, until payment. However if reasonable grounds are adduced for non or delayed payment of annual fee, the Exchange or the Council may, reduce or waive the surcharge liability. A Company applying for enlistment on the Exchange shall, in addition to other fees, pay a sum of Tk, 5,000. 00 as Service charges, which is nonrefundable in any case.In case the listing is not allowed by the Council or he Exchange, 90% of both the initial listing fee and annual listing fee shall be refunded within sixty days of such refusal after retaining 10% of the whole as processing charge. All Exchange dues shall be paid by cheques, pay orders or bank drafts pay able to the Exchange at any bank branch located in Dhaka. Without prejudice to the action which the Exchange may take under these Regulations in the event of default in payment of its dues, nothing shall prevent the Exchange from recovering such dues through posting defaulters names on the notice Council of the Exchange or by invoking the process of law obtaining order of the commission or of a competent court.Without prejudice to various specific or other penalties provided or available under these Regulations, the Exchange or the Council shall have powers to suspend or delist a company which in the opinion of the Exchange or the Council has defaulted or contravened any Listing Regulations. (5) (6) (7) 34. (1) (2) 35. (1) (2) The suspension or delisting under the preceding sub-regulation shall be communicated to the company, the Commission and simultaneously notified to the trade, inter-ali a, by posting it on the notice board of the Exchange and publishing it, if deemed necessary, in the Official quotation List or a Circular intimation issued by the Exchange. Trading in the shares and securities of a suspended or delisted company shall forthwith case and shall not be re-commenced until the suspension with drawn or the listing restored by order of the Council or the Exchange.Chapter- XI CONTINUING LISTING REQUIREMENTS (3) 36. While a Company remains on the official list it shall comply with the following requirements and such requirements as may be introduced from time to time the discretion of the Exchange and provide forthwith any explanations requested by the Exchange. (A) (1) Immediate Announcements to be made to the Exchange for release. A listed Company shall supply the Exchange with immediate effect. Any information concerning the Company or any of its subsidiaries necessary to avoid the establishment of a false marked in the Company’s securities or which would be likely to materially affect the price of its securities. 2) Any acquisition or disposal which are in the nature of trade investments and which in the opinion of the Directors is material, the fact of such disposal or acquisition and the possible for estimated effects of such disposal and acquisition on the performance and the profitability of the Company shall be communicated to the Exchange and to the shareholders simultaneously. (3) Any proposed change in the general character or nature of business of the Company or of any subsidiary thereof and particulars of any other or proposals for the purchase or sale of any controlling interest or any substantial part of the assets of the Company or of any subsidiary thereof and of the decisions of the Council in that regard. (4) Any intention to fix a book clos ing date and the reason thereof, starting the book closure date, which shall be at least 14 (fourteen) market days after the date of notification to the Exchange, along with the address of security registry at which documents will be accepted for registration.Provided however that the Exchange may direct at any time in writing to any company for effecting compulsory book closure within and for certain period of time as may be prescribed in the directive, subject to the time limits prescribed by the companies Act. 1994. Provided further that the Exchange may also direct any company at any time in writing to take appropriate measures for ensuring issuance of good tradable securities of the company. (5) Any recommendation or decision that a dividend will not be declared. (6) (a) (i) Any announcement of a payment of an interim dividend (including bonuses if any), the rate and amount per share and date of such payment which shall be before the expiry of 60 market days from the date of an nouncement. ii) Any recommendation of a final dividend (including bonuses if any), the date and amount per share and date of payment which shall be before the expiry of 60 market days from the date of declaration. (b) Any decision to change the Capital Structure of the Company by way of rights or a Bonus Issue. Such information should be communicated to the Exchange by telephone no sooner the meeting is held to consider or recommend such entitlement and confirmed by letter immediately afterwards. (7) In the case of an interim dividend declared before the close of a financial year, such announcement to the Exchange shall be accompanied by a statement showing comparative figures, based on which the declaration was made for such period of the current financial year and the corresponding period of the previous year. 8) When a dividend (Interim or Final) is declared after the close of a financial year, such announcement to the Exchange shall be accompanied by a statement showing comparat ive figures of the following; (a) Turnover figure/Gross operating profit; (b) Gross profit; (c) Income from other sources; (d) Provision for Taxation; (e) Net profit after Taxation; (9) (a) The Company shall make available to the Exchange and to all shareholders in the form set out in a half yearly Financial Statements before the expiry of 1 month from the half year period, such financial Statements shall be signed by the Chairman or Chief Executive and the Finance Director or in his absence the Chief Accountant. (b) The Company shall make available to the Exchange Financial Statements before the expiry of 3 months from the end of each Financial Year even if the figure are provisional subject and to audit. 10) Any intention to pass a resolution at any members meeting shall be notified to the Exchange at the same time that it is conveyed to the shareholders and within3market days after the date of the meeting whether or not such resolution was carried. Companies shall send duly stamp ed proxy forms to shareholders and debenture holders in all cases where proposals other than those of a purely routine nature are to be considered at a meeting of the company’s shareholders and debenture holders and such proxy forms shall be so worded that a shareholder or a debenture holder may be eligible to vote either for or against each resolution (11) Any change of address of the registered office of the Company or of any office sat which the register of the securities of the Company is kept. 12) Any change in the Directors, Company Secretary, Registers or Auditors of theCompany. (13) Any change of substantial share holding in the Company and details thereof. (14) Any application filed with a Court to wind up the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The appointment or receiver of liquidator of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. (15) Any acquisition of shares of another company or any transaction resulting in such Company because a subsidiary of the Company. 37. Annu al published accounts and report shall contain among other information (1) A full list of Investment (quoted and unquoted) held out side the gruoup as investments by the Company. (2) Holdings in Associate and Subsidiaries with the relative percentage. 3) A distribution schedule of each class of equity security setting out the member of holders and percentage in the following categories:No. of Holders Holdings Less than 500 shares 501 to 5,000 shares 5,001 to 10,000 shares 10,001 to 20,000 shares 20,001 to 30,000 shares 30,001 to 40,000 shares 40,001 to 50,000 shares 50,001 to 100,000 shares 100,001 to 1,000,000 shares Over 1,000,000 shares (4) A director Report, in addition to the requirements of the Companies Act, 1994 shall contain: (i) (ii) Names of the persons who were at any time during the Financial Year, Directors of the Company. The principal activities of the Company and its subsidiaries during the year and any changes therein. Total Holdings % (iii)Significant changes in t he Company’s or its subsidiaries fixed assets and the market value of land, if the value differs substantially from the book value. If any shares or debentures have been issued, the number, class and consideration received and the reason for the issue. Details of any arrangements whereby the Company enables Directors to acquire benefits by means of acquisition of share or debentures of the Company or any body corporate, explaining the effect of the arrangements and giving names of the Directors who, at any time during this year, were Directors and held, or whose nominees held, shared or debentures acquired as a result of the arrangements.A statement for each Director whether or not he had an interest in any other body corporate within the group, specifying the number and amount of shares and debentures held at the beginning and end of each Financial Year (or if was not a Director at the beginning of the year, the details when he became a Director). If turnover is attributable to two or more substantially differing classes of business, the proportions in which the turnover is divided among these classes, also operating profit and asset allocation: (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) The sum total of contributions made to government approved charities and other charities by the company. If in respect of each category, if exceeds Tk. 50,000/(ix) Where items are shown in the Directors’ Report instead of in the accounts of the company, the corresponding amounts for the immediately preceding year must also be shown. 3) A Chairman’s Report which shall include events occurring after the Balance Sheet Date as required by the Bangladesh Accounting Standards on â€Å"Contingencies and Event occurring after the Balance Sheet Date†. 38. of: (a) Lodging of a valid transfer (including for the balance if any ) (b) Closing of the offer. (c) Date for acceptance. (d) The expiration of any rights to renunciation, and shall not levy a fee for such issue or execu tions. If for any reason, the transfer cannot be registered, notice shall be given to the lodging broker, within 5 market days with reasons for such refusal. Companies shall issues definitive certificates before the expiry of 14 Market days 39.The companies shall disclose to the exchange on request an extract of the stock or the share register showing full details of al entries relating to the registration of stocks. Or shares entered or deleted under any particular name and the names into which any stocks or shares may have been transferred. The companies shall inform the exchange as and when a report is lodged with the company on any loss certificates or when the company discovers a forgery in a certificate of the company. 40. 41. GENERAL (1) It is the duty of the Council of Directors of a company to the ensure that all the requirements are met on a continuing basis so long as company remains on the official list of the Exchange. 2) In the event of any violation of the following c ontinuing listing requirements of the Exchange, the Companies shall pay to exchange fines prescribed below : Delays in submission of the half yearly report :- Tk. 500/-per day (a) lays in submissions of the annual provisional accounts :- Tk. 500/-per day (b) Delays in dispatching audited accounts :- Tk. 500/-per day (c) Delays in payments of annual listing fees :- Tk. 500/-per day (d) Delays in the registering of share transfers :- Tk. 500/-per day 42. (1) All shares of public companies listed with the exchange shall be sold through the trading system of the exchange. (2) Where,(a) transfer of the share is to be made by the registered shareholder to his close relative (i. e. pouse, son, daughter, father, mother, brother or sister) by way of gift, the transferor shall apply to the exchange; (b) transaction of such share is not possible to be effected through the trading system of the exchange under exceptional circumstance, the seller, or the pledgee (for effecting transfer of the pl edged share in the pledgee’s name in case of default of the pledgor), shall apply to the SEC through the exchange, in Form III for prior approval to effect such transfer or transaction, as the case may be: Provided, however, that a service charge to the extent of Tk. 0. 05% on the closing price of the scrip shall be payable to the exchange for each transfer, and that the closing price of the scrip prevailing on the day of approval accorded by the exchange, or the SEC, as the case may be, shall be taken as the price of the scrip for the purpose of such service charge. † Chapter XII CORPORATE DISCLOSURE POLICY 43.Out line of Exchange Disclosure policies: The Exchange considers that the conduct of a fair and orderly market requires, every listed Company to make available to the public information necessary to informed investing; and to take reasonable steps to ensure that all who invest in its securities enjoy equal access to such information. In applying these fundamental principle, the Exchange has adopted the following six specific policies concerning disclosure, each of which is discussed in further details in regulation 44. (1) Immediate Public Disclosure of Material Information : A listed company is required to release material information to the public in a manner designed to obtain its fullest possible public dissemination. (2) Through public Dissemination : A Listed Company is required to release material information to the public in a manner designed to obtain its fullest possible public dissemination. 3) Clarification or Confirmation of Rumours and Reports : Whenever a listed company becomes, or is made aware of a rumour or report true or false, that contains information that is likely to have, or has had an effect on the trading in the company’s securities or would likely to have a bearing on investment decisions, the company is required to publicly clarify the rumour reports as promptly as reports as possible. (4) Response to Unus ual Market Action: Whenever unusual market action takes place in a listed company’s securities, the company is expected to make inquiry to determine whenever or other conditions requiring corrective action exists, and if so, to take, whatever action is ppropriate.If, after the company’s review, the unusual market action remains unexplained it may be appropriate for the company to announce that there has been no material development in its business and affairs not previously disclosed to its knowledge, nor any other reason to account for the unusual market action. (5)UnwarrantedPromotionalDisclosure: A listed company should refrain from promotional disclosure activity which exceeds what is necessary to enable the public to make informed investment decisions. Such activity includes inappropriately worded news release, public announcements not justified by actual development in a company affairs, exaggerated reports or predictions, flamboyant wording and other forms of ov erstated or overzealus disclosure activity which may mislead investors and cause unwarranted price movements and activity in a company’s securities. 6) Insider Trading : Insiders should not trade on the basis of material information which is not known to the investing public. Moreover, insiders should refrain from trading, even, after material information has been released to the press an other media, for a period at least 5 market days to permit through public dissemination and evaluation of the information. (7) Buy/Sell of Shares by Sponsors : Every sponsor (which include every director, promoter, officer and / or other sponsor) or listed companies required to report to the Exchange in writing about his/her/theirintention to buy or sell or otherwise dispose off the shares held by him/her/them in he concerned company in the following format at least four working days before the scheduled date for disposal / acquisition of the shares with copy to the securities and Exchange C ommission. Format Report to Exchange under regulation 43 (7) of the listing regulations of the Exchange: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (s) : Name of the Company : Name with full address of the sponsor : Folio No. in the Company : Quantity of shares to buy/sell : Scheduled date(s) for buy/sell : Details of disposal/acquisition planned for other than through Stock Exchange ———————————Signature of the Sponsor Place —————–Signature verified by : Date ——————(Seal & Signature with date of the authorised official of the company) 44.EXPLANATION OF EXCHANGE DISCLOSURE POLICES Explanation of exchange disclosure polices: The Exchange Disclosure Policies shall be interpreted and understood in the way these are explained in the schedule: 45. The Exchange Listing Department in primarily responsible for day to day relations between listed companies an d The Exchange. When unusual market action occurs it is reported to the Manager. In many cases by checking with market Surveillance, the Manager will try to trace the reason for the action to a specific cause such as recently disclosed information, or rumours, market surveillance may also check broker firms as to the source and reason for activity stemming from their particular firms.If no explanation of the unusual activity is revealed the Exchange may call officials of the company to determine whether the cause of the action is known to them. If the action appears to be attributable to a rumour or report or to material information that has not been publicly disseminated, the Company is requested to take appropriate corrective action and it may be advisable to halt trading until such action has been taken. 46. Consultation with The Exchange Listing Manager Listed Companies are urged to contact the Exchange as early as possible whenever problems are encountered or anticipated in int erpreting or applying the Exchange’s disclosure policies.By means of such advance consultation, effective liaison between companies and the Exchange can be maintained: 47. Power of exempt fines. The Exchange shall have the power to exempt any listed company from payment of fines leviable under these regulations on application for reasons stated in writing. FORM I (See regulation 6(i)) APPLICATION FOR LISTING OF SECURITIES WITH DHAKA STOCK EXCHANGE To: The Secretary Dhaka Stock Exchange Dhaka. Dear Sir, We hereby apply for the listing of our†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (name of the Company) on your Stock Exchange. 2. Necessary information and documents as required in the annexure to this form are furnished. Yours faithfully, Signature & Address CC to : The Securities & Exchange Commission Dhaka 48.ANNEXURE TO FORM The following particulars and authenticated documents shall be annexed to the listing application, namely: 1. Memorandum and Articles of Association and, in case of Participatory Redeemable Capital, a copy of the trust deed: 2. Copies of prospectus issued by the company in respect of any security already listed on the Stock Exchange. 3. Copies of balance sheets and audited accounts for the last five completed years or for a shorter number of years if the Company has been in existance only for such shorter years/period; 4. A brief history of the company since incorporation giving details of its activities including any re-organization changes in its capital structure and borrowings. 5.A statement showing : (a) Dividends and cash bonus and/or bonus shares or right shares issued during a last 10 years or such shorter period as the company may have been is existence; (b) Dividends or interest in arrears, if any. 6. Certified copies of agreements or other documents relating to arrangements with or between : (a) Vendor and/or promoters. (b) Underwriters. (c) B rokers. 7. Certified copies of agreements with; (a) Managing agents. (b) Selling agents. (c) Managing director and technical directors. 8. A statement containing particulars, dates of and parties to all material contracts, agreements (including agreements for technical advice and collaboration), concessions and similar other documents except those entered into in the normal course of the ompany’s business or intended business together with a brief descriptions of the terms of such agreements or contracts. 9. Certified copies of the agreements with the BSB, BSRS, ICB and any other financial institutions. 10. Names and address of the directors and persons holding ten percent or more of any class of equity security as on the date of application together with the number of shares of debentures held by each. 11. Particulars of security for which listing is sought. 12. Additional/information/documents that may be called by the Exchange. FORM II (See regulation 6 (xix)) FORM FOR SUB MISSION OF UNDERTAKING AND PAYMENT OF FEES Dated†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ To The Secretary Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited Dhaka.Dear Sir, Re: LISTING ON THE STOCK EXCHANGE With reference to our listing application under Section 9 of the Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969, we enclose herewith the following: (1) An unconditional undertaking under the Common Seal of the company duly signed in accordance with the provisions contained in our Articles of Association. (2) A remittance of TK. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. toward initial Listing Fee at the rate of one-forth of one percent of the Paid-up Capital, Debenture and share Premium of TK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. subject to a minimum of Taka ten thousand. (3) A remittance of TK. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. toward annual Listing Fee. (4) A remittance of TK. †¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. toward the service charge. Yours faithfully SIGNATURE & ADDRESS ANNEXURE TO FORM II FORM OF UNCONDITIONAL UNDERTAKING ON NON-JUDICIAL STAMP PAPER (See Regulation 5) Dated†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. To The Secretary Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited Dhaka.Dear Sir, UNDERTAKING We undertake, unconditionally, to abide by the listing Regulations of the Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited which presently are, or hereinafter may be in force. We further undertake: (1) That our shares and securities shall be quoted on the Ready Quotation List and / or the Cleared List at the discretion of the Exchange. (2) That the Exchange shall not be bound by our request to remove the shares or securities from the ready Quotation List and / or the Cleared List. (3) That the Exchange shall have the right, at any time to suspend or remove the said shares or securities for any reason which the Exchange considers sufficient in public interest. (4) That such provisions in the Articles of Association of our Company or in any declaration or basis relating to any security as are or otherwise not deemed y the Exchange to be in conformity with the listing Regulations of the Exchange shall, upon being called upon by the Exchange, be amended to supersede the Articles of Association of our company or the declaration or basis relating to any security ; and (5) That our company and / or the security may be delisted by the Exchange in the event of non-compliance and breach of the Regulations and / or of this undertaking after giving an opportunity of being heard to us. Yours faithfully, NAME AND SIGNATURE OF AUTHORISED PERSON (S) WITH COMMON SEAL OF THE COMPANY Schedule (See regulation 44) EXPLANATION OF EXCHANGE DISCLOSURE POLICIES 1. Policy of immediate public Disclosure of Material Information (i) Ques. What standards should be employed to determine whether disclosure should be made?Ans: Immediate disclosure should be ma de of information about a company’s affairs or about events or conditions in market for the company’s securities which meets either of the following standards; (a) (b) Where the information is likely to have a significant effect on the price of any of the company’s securities, or Where such information (after any necessary interpretation by securities analyst or other experts) is likely to be considered important, by a reasonable investor in determining his choice of action. (ii) Ques. What kind of information about a company’s affairs should be disclosed? Ans: Any material information of a factual nature that has a bearing on the value of a company’s securities or on investor decisions as to whether or not to invest or trade in such securities.Included is information, known to the company, concerning the company’s property, business financial conditions and prospects, mergers and acquisitions and dealings with employees, suppliers, customer s and others as well as information concerning a significant change in ownership of the company’s securities owned by insiders or representing control of the company. The Exchange does not normally consider disclosure of a company’s internal estimates or projections of its earning or of other data relating to its affairs to be necessary. If such estimates or projections are released, they should be prepared carefully, on an reasonable factual basis and should be stated realistically, with appropriate qualifications.Moreover, if such estimates or projections subsequently appear to have been mistaken, they should be promptly and publicly corrected. (iii) Ques. What kind of events and conditions in the market for a company’s securities may require disclosure? Ans. The price of a company’s securities, as well as a reasonable investor’s decision whether to buy or sell those securities, may be affected as much by factors directly concerning the market fo r the securities as by factors concerning the Company’s business. Factors directly concerning the market for a Company’s securities, or events materially affecting the size of the â€Å"Public issue† of its securities.While, as is noted above; a company is expected to make appropriate disclosure about significant change in insider ownership of its securities, the company should not indiscriminately disclose publicly any knowledge it has of the trading activities of outsiders, such as trading by unit trusts or other institutions, for outsiders normally have a legitimate interest in preserving the confidentiality of their securities transactions. (iv) Ques. What are some specific examples of a company’s affairs or market conditions typically requiring disclosure? Ans. The following events, while not comprising a complete list of all the situations which may require disclosure are particularly likely to require prompt announcement: (a) a joint venture, merge rs, acquisitions or take overs. b) the declaration or omission of dividends or the determination of earnings. (c) the acquisition or loss of a significant contract. (d) a significant new product or discovery. (e) a change in control or a significant change in management. (f) a call of securities for redemption. (g) the borrowing of a significant amount of funds. (h) the public private sale of significant amount of additional securities. (i) significant litigation (j) the purchase or sale of significant assets. (k) a significant change in capital investment plans. (l) a significant labor dispute with sub-contractors or suppliers. (m) a tender offer for another company’s securities. (n) an event of default on nterest and/or principal payment in respect of loans (v) Ques. When may a company properly withhold information? Ans. Occasionally, circumstances arise in which provided that complete confidentiality is maintained a company may temporarily refrain from publicly disclosing material information. The following circumstances where disclosures can be withheld are limited and constitute an infrequent exception to the normal requirement of immediate public disclosure. Thus, in cases of doubt, the presumption must always be in favor of disclosure: (a) When immediate disclosure would prejudice the ability of the company to pursue its corporate objectives.Although public disclosure is generally necessary to protect the interest of investors, circumstances may occasionally arise where disclosure would prejudice a company’s ability to achieve a valid corporate objective. Public disclosure of plan to acquire certain real state for example, could result in an increase in the company cost of the desired acquisition or could prevent the company from carrying out the plan at all. In such circumstances, if the unfavorable result to the company outweighs the undesirable consequences of non-disclosure, disclosure may properly be deferred to a more appropriate tim e. (b) When the facts are in a state of flux and a more appropriate moment for disclosure is imminent.Occasionally corporate developments give rise to information which, although material, is subject to rapid change. If the situation is about to stabilise or resolve itself in the near future, it may be proper to withhold public announcements concerning the same subject but based on changing facts may confuse or mislead the public rather than enlighten it. In the course of a successful negotiation for the acquisition of another company, for example, the only information known to each party at the outset may be the willingness of the other to hold discussions. Shortly thereafter it may become apparent to the parties that it is likely an agreement can be reached. Finally, agreement in principle may be reached on specific terms.In such circumstances a company need not issue a public announcement at each stage of constantly changing facts but may await agreement in principle on specific terms. If, on the other hand, progress in negotiation should stabilise at some other point, disclosure should then be made if the information is material. Whenever the material information is being temporarily withheld, the strictest confidentiality must be maintained, and the company should be prepared to make an immediate public announcement, if necessary. During this period, the market action of the company’s securities should be closely watched, since unusual market activity frequently signifies that a â€Å"Leak† may have occurred.Company or securities laws may restrict the extent of permissible disclosures before or during a public offering of securities or a solicitation of proxies. (vi) Ques. What action is required if rumors occur while material information is being temporarily withheld? Ans: If rumours concerning such information should develop, immediate public disclosure becomes necessary. (vii) Ques. What action is required if insider trading occurs while material information is being temporarily withheld? Ans. Immediate public disclosure of the information is question must be effective if the company should learn that insider trading has taken or is taking place.In unusual cases, where the trading is insignificant and does not have any influence on the market measures sufficient to halt the insider trading and prevent its recurrence are taken exceptions might be made which should be discussed with the Exchange. The Exchange listing department can provide current information regarding market activity in the Company’s is securities with which to help assess the significance of such trading. (viii) Ques. How can confidentiality best be maintained? Ans. In formation, that is to be kept confidential should be confined, to the extent possible to the highest possible echelons of management and should be disclosed to officers, employees and other on a need to know basis only. Distribution of paper work and other data should be held t o a minimum.Where information must be disclosed more broadly to company personnel or others, their attention should be drawn to its confidential nature and to the restrictions that apply to its use, including the prohibitions of insider trading. It may be appropriate to require each person who gains access to the information to report any transaction which affects in the company‘s securities to the company. If company’s accountants or financial or public relations advisers or other outsiders are consulted, steps should be taken to ensure that they maintain similar precautions within their respective organizations to maintain confidentiality. (2) policy of through public Dissemination (i) Ques.What special disclosure techniques should a company employ? Ans. The steps requires are as foll